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Adapting the Health Promotion School (HPS) approach to context specifics is acknowledged as being essential for implementation and achieving optimal effectiveness. This study aims to explore implementation variations on seven HPS spectra (such as top-down to bottom-up involvement of stakeholders) on which implementation of the HPS approach can vary, and the factors that relate to navigation on these spectra.

In 2020, fourteen HPS researchers and professionals from ten European countries participated in semi-structured interviews.

Navigation variations on the HPS spectra occurred throughout most spectra. Further, a tendency was found towards spectrum extremes of addressing multiple core-components, implementing non-disruptive Health Promotion (HP) programmes, and evaluating the HPS approach through an action-oriented research approach. Important general factors were resources, staff capacity and time available to staff members for implementing the HPS approach. Some spectra required more specific factors like organisational skills, leadership or a certain level of democracy.

The implementation of the HPS approach should be supported by implementation strategies addressing the spectrum-specific factors, but more generic factors such as staff capacity, resources and the level of democracy should also be considered.

This study explores navigation variations throughout HPS spectra rather than the HPS approach in general. It also nuances implementation diversity across and within different European contexts.

The present paper answers two significant questions: (1) What are the relative consumer and firm-level effects of marketing through metaverse compared to conventional marketing endeavors? (2) What are the current trends in utilizing the metaverse as reported in the recent literature?

This study employs a systematic literature review methodology, utilizing a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart to synthesize existing research. Thirty-five articles written in English were selected and analyzed from two databases, Web of Science and EBSCO Host.

The findings indicate that consumer-level effects of the metaverse include consumer loyalty and brand attachment. The firm-level benefits are decentralization and cost reductions. The paper proposes a framework indicating variables that could attenuate or enhance the association between immersive components of the metaverse and their resultant effects.

This study contributes to understanding the role of metaverse in marketing practices related to the marketing mix components. The study conceptualizes a novel framework for the metaverse and its resultant effects.

This paper aims to give a short overview of European Union policy trends towards more flexible forms of spectrum management.

The paper presents a business modelling analysis, scenario construction, policy analysis and roadmapping. It argues that both flexible spectrum management and the concept of reconfigurability do not eliminate the need for a number of centralised controlling entities, and even introduce a number of new ones, performing regulatory, commercial and technical functions of a diverse nature. One of the most prominent control entities, the Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC), is presented, and three different configurations of the CPC are outlined. Subsequently, the potential impact of different CPC configurations on business models for wireless services making use of such a channel is explored.

The paper concludes that a hybrid model combining a meta‐level CPC with operator‐deployed channels might provide the best mix of technical and strategic control for operators, and value for users.

The study undertaken here is exploratory in nature since, for example, no exact estimations of cost and revenue, or harmonisation feasibility and roadmaps can be made at this time.

The CPC is a recent and potentially crucial concept which is not yet standardised or implemented and for which no business modelling analysis has been performed yet.

The purpose of this paper is to give broad‐spectrum analysis of general system theory, including the researching approach – dynamic structure approach, the study on general object system by broad‐spectrum analysis, and the study of general cognitive system by broad‐spectrum analysis, etc.

The theoretical basis of broad‐spectrum analysis is dynamic structuralism, which, therefore, leads to the fact that its methodology is dynamic structural methodology, including that from the perspective of generalized structure, that from the dynamic perspective (the fluxional viewpoint of structure and the transforming viewpoint of structure).

Generalized structural models of general object system (including general thing system and general dynamic system, general cognitive system and general value system) are given in this paper. It shows a unique perspective of broad‐spectrum analysis, its close relationship with general system theory and the viewpoints of many questions in general system.

The details of the structural models in this paper have to be worked out.

The methodological principle for us to analyze, study, optimize, and control the general system is provided.

Generalized structural models of this paper originate from pansystem methodology and discrete mathematics. This paper has the value of methodology for those who are studying general systems.

The purpose of this paper is to integrate mobile supply and demand on an economic basis and to model the economic value of additional data capacity, spectrum demand and data growth under a range of parameter and policy assumptions.

The modelling requires an iterative solution to find an equilibrium between supply and demand, which allows data demand to be bootstrapped, i.e. determined endogenously within the model.

The sensitivity of the model to input parameter changes differs from a modelling approach where data demand is assumed to be exogenous, whilst in some instances, the sign of the relationship is reversed, e.g. the response of economic value to mobile site cost changes.

The approach suggests a research agenda to estimate willingness to pay for data and the price elasticity of data demand, and may also suggest new explanatory variables to test econometrically in relation to spectrum value.

The approach provides a different route to spectrum valuation and allows estimation of the economic impacts of a range of policy questions.

This paper provides the integration of supply and demand and endogenous estimation of data demand and economic value, coupled with quantitative assessment of a range of policy questions.

The European telecommunications landscape has been transformed over the past 25 years, but spectrum management has remained largely unchanged. The paper seeks to highlight the need for a more flexible approach to spectrum management and, in particular, the role of shared spectrum access.

The paper draws on a research study to examine the value of shared spectrum access, based on a review of the literature, a survey of European national regulatory authorities, and scenario analysis.

The paper highlights trends in wireless data growth and, in particular, the impact of 4G cellular mobile technology over the next five years. With pressure also growing on the licence‐exempt bands at 2.4 and 5 GHz, a more flexible approach to spectrum management will be required in future, including light licensing, de‐licensing and spectrum sharing.

The paper brings together a range of evidence to show how the current approach to spectrum management is no longer able to cope with the social and economic demands for the radio spectrum. It should be of value to policy makers, industry analysts and academics.

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship of broad‐spectrum analysis and pansystems methodology from the fundamental questions of the study of broad‐spectrum analysis.

By means of structure analysis and comparison method, the paper gives an introduction to the inner features and connections of broad‐spectrum analysis and pansystems methodology, respectively.

The opinion that pansystems methodology applies in the two features of broad‐spectrum analysis is put forward, and three aspects in the application of broad‐spectrum analysis in pansystems methodology are analyzed.

The details of the structural models in this paper have to be worked out.

The paper contributes to understanding the features of broad‐spectrum analysis and pansystems methodology.

The paper reveals the original relationship between broad‐spectrum analysis and pansystems methodology, which embodies the value of pansystems methodology to broad‐spectrum analysis.