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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of quality certifications on apparent labour productivity in a sample of hotels in Spain.

In line with Mairesse and Kremp (1993), the theoretical model was based on a Cobb–Douglas production function readapted to the goals of the study.

The descriptive results show that labour productivity increases only when certifications and quality standards specific to the hospitality industry are implemented and the tourist destination is committed to quality. The econometric analysis shows that the hotel category, belonging to a chain, and outsourcing services have a positive impact on labour productivity. In contrast, the location of the establishment in areas other than the coast or the capital city of a province has a negative effect on labour productivity. Of the quality models and certifications studied, only the Spanish Q-Mark certificate significantly improves hotel productivity (an average increase of 23.27 per cent).

These results provide support for the Spanish Tourism Quality System implemented by the Spanish Ministry of Tourism, which has not only attempted to increase the quality of tourism hotels by increasing their competitiveness and performance but also by providing them with a quality certificate that can be used as a marketing strategy in international markets.

The main contribution of this study is to show how the adoption of quality standards and certifications increases or decreases labour productivity in hotels. Given that most of the previous literature has only taken into account quantities, this study adds to the literature by incorporating the concept of quality into productivity issues.

Given the great tourist attractiveness of Spain at international level, tourism has become one of the main sources of income and employment, as well as a basic pillar of the Spanish economy. With these ideas in mind, this paper aims to study how the different promotion strategies implemented in the industry have influenced the evolution of tourism in Spain since the early 20th century.

The research is a general review, providing a historical examination of the diverse promotion strategies deployed in the tourism industry in Spain over the past decades. It focuses on the descriptive approach of these strategies and their implications throughout the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

The findings reveal a shift in recent years from strategies focused on Marketing 1.0 to strategies that, apart from being centered on consumer values (therefore, Marketing 3.0), are beginning to rely to a greater extent on information and communication technologies (ICT) and sustainability, more in line with the more recent Marketing 4.0 and even Marketing 5.0.

This work has many implications for the management of public and private operators in the industry, including the need to incorporate the latest marketing trends – most notably the advances in ICT and sustainability.

The study offers an in-depth understanding of how marketing strategies have been used in the tourism sector in Spain from the end of the 19th century to the present day, which is highly original compared to previous studies.

The aim of this study is to compare the diffusion of certifications under two quality management systems (QMSs) in the tourism sector in Spain: the generic ISO 9001 international standard; and the Spanish industry‐specific “Q” standard.

The study pursues this objective by comparing the logistic curves of dissemination of certifications under the two standards using data obtained from official sources. This analysis is complemented with qualitative data from several case studies of Spanish hotels and restaurants.

The results show that the two standards are at different stages of diffusion: certification under the Spanish “Q” standard is increasing, while the ISO 9001 international standard seems to have reached saturation point, despite the fact that a lower number of certifications have been registered under ISO 9001 than under the “Q” standard.

The main contribution of this study is that it is one of the first to analyse the dissemination of quality standards in a specific sector. The findings are thus of considerable importance in extending knowledge of quality management in the tourism sector.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the internalization of quality management (QM) on the basis of quality certifiable standards – also referred to as meta-standards – in service organizations. More specifically, the paper analyzes the case of the internalization of a quality standard in the Spanish hotel industry.

The paper examines the relationships between the measures of internalization, benefit, QM tools and motivation, using partial least squares in the framework of the structural equation modeling technique.

The results show that the hotels that have internalized the standard to a greater extent are more likely to be driven by internal motivation, develop more QM tools and achieve greater benefits than the hotels with a lower degree of internalization.

As previous studies have examined these issues in relation to the internalization of ISO standards, the present study adds to this important stream of research and contributes by advancing the understanding of these issues through the case of a specific standard for the hotel industry.

Tourism reconfigures the metropolitan dynamics and the patterns of use of the urban systems. The seasonal nature of tourism produces an impact on the urban hierarchies, since it affects the labor, residential, and recreational markets. As a result, people move to and in the destination and it challenges the supply of sustainable modes of transport such as public transport. This research is set within the context of three demanding challenges that tourist destinations need to face-up: to increase environmental sustainability, to enhance destination competitiveness, and finally to assure quality and comfort of public transport services for the local resident population. Camp de Tarragona region, where Costa Daurada (one of the most important Spanish tourist brands) is located, is analyzed to illustrate how different data sources can aid to confront the aforementioned challenges. Given that seasonality is a dynamic phenomenon, suitable data should be flexible in terms of its time framework. To this end data from smart travel cards provided by the consortium that manages the public transport system in the region has been analyzed. Data unveiled the impact of seasonality on the evolution of demand throughout the year, the type of transport tickets used, or changes occurred in the geographical distribution of the mobility Alternative data sources such as surveys and passive mobile positioning data have also been examined, and their pros and cons have been addressed.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of wine tourism on the economic, social and environmental performance, i.e. the sustainable performance, of Spanish wineries. In addition, age, size and membership in the protected designation of origin are introduced as control variables to increase the precision of the cause-effect relationships analyzed.

A conceptual model is proposed, which is tested by means of structural equation modeling based on data from a survey of 202 Spanish wineries.

The results indicate the existence of a positive and significant link between wine tourism activities and the three performance typologies analyzed in the Spanish wine context.

The study contributes to the academic literature on wine tourism in a remarkable way, as, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no previous literature that has addressed the effect of wine tourism on the sustainable performance of Spanish wineries, making the study useful for both academics and wine professionals who are considering the implementation or development of this typology of tourism in their facilities.

The proceedings of the 17 editions of the conference of the Spanish Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism constitute a valuable archival resource within the research on Spanish tourism. But so far their contents have not been analyzed. The aim of this chapter is to examine the research that has been presented at its conference by means of a bibliometric analysis of the proceedings of 17 editions. The study focuses on the origin of the research (countries, regions, institutions, and authors), as well as its characteristics in terms of themes dealt with, geographical areas researched, methodologies, disciplinary areas, and attitudes toward tourism. Implications for the evolution of the research are discussed in terms of knowledge contributions and the shaping of major tourism research traditions.

Near-field communication (NFC) technology introduces new and better experiences for tourists while improving operating processes in the tourism industry through the use of smartphone applications. The purpose of this research is to explore and analyse the antecedents of the adoption of NFC mobile applications (app) regarding the search for information in a tourist destination.

Based on the review of the literature, three groups of antecedents are proposed. The groups are associated with the usability of mobile technology itself, the benefits derived from its use and the possible risks that the tourist assumes. To achieve these objectives, an online questionnaire was filled by 218 participants after they watched a video explaining the use of NFC tourism apps in a Spanish tourist destination.

Partial least squares revealed that perceived value, performance risk, usefulness and perceived enjoyment have a strong relationship with the intention to use of tourism apps.

The conclusions and implications for management provide alternatives for companies to promote this new business by means of the new technical developments.

论旅游nfc移动应用使用的动因

近场通讯（NFC）技术通过智能手机的使用, 为游客带来新奇更佳的体验, 同时, 又完善了旅游业运营流程。本论文旨在探索和分析探索旅游目的地信息中, NFC移动应用APP使用的动因。

根据文献综述结果, 本论文提出三组动因。这三组动因涉及移动技术本身、使用好处、以及旅游预想的可能危险。为了达到研究目的, 本论文采用在线问卷采样方式, 受访者首先看了一段解释NFC旅游APP在一个西班牙旅游目的地应用的视频, 共218名受访者参与了调查。

PLS-SEM结果表明感知价值、性能危险、有用性、和感知愉快与旅游APP使用有着紧密的联系。

本论文结果和管理启示为公司提出其他可能, 建议公司可以利用新科技发展来提高新商机。

The main aim of this paper is to build an approach to analyze the tourist content posted on social media. The approach incorporates information extraction, cleaning, data processing, descriptive and content analysis and can be used on different social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, etc. This work proposes an approach to social media analytics in traveler-generated content (TGC), and the authors use Twitter to apply this study and examine data about the city and the province of Granada.

In order to identify what people are talking and posting on social media about places, events, restaurants, hotels, etc. the authors propose the following approach for data collection, cleaning and data analysis. The authors first identify the main keywords for the place of study. A descriptive analysis is subsequently performed, and this includes post metrics with geo-tagged analysis and user metrics, retweets and likes, comments, videos, photos and followers. The text is then cleaned. Finally, content analysis is conducted, and this includes word frequency calculation, sentiment and emotion detection and word clouds. Topic modeling was also performed with latent Dirichlet association (LDA).

The authors used the framework to collect 262,859 tweets about Granada. The most important hashtags are #Alhambra and #SierraNevada, and the most prolific user is @AlhambraCultura. The approach uses a seasonal context, and the posted tweets are divided into two periods (spring–summer and autumn–winter). Word frequency was calculated and again Granada, Alhambra are the most frequent words in both periods in English and Spanish. The topic models show the subjects that are mentioned in both languages, and although there are certain small differences in terms of language and season, the Alhambra, Sierra Nevada and gastronomy stand out as the most important topics.

Extremely difficult to identify sarcasm, posts may be ambiguous, users may use both Spanish and English words in their tweets and tweets may contain spelling mistakes, colloquialisms or even abbreviations. Multilingualism represents also an important limitation since it is not clear how tweets written in different languages should be processed. The size of the data set is also an important factor since the greater the amount of data, the better the results. One of the largest limitations is the small number of geo-tagged tweets as geo-tagging would provide information about the place where the tweet was posted and opinions of it.

This study proposes an interesting way to analyze social media data, bridging tourism and social media literature in the data analysis context and contributes to discover patterns and features of the tourism destination through social media. The approach used provides the prospective traveler with an overview of the most popular places and the major posters for a particular tourist destination. From a business perspective, it informs managers of the most influential users, and the information obtained can be extremely useful for managing their tourism products in that region.