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The purpose of this paper is to suggest a conceptual model of formal mentoring as a leadership development initiative including “learning goal orientation”, “mentoring functions”, and “leadership competencies” as key constructs of the model.

Some empirical studies, though there are not many, will provide positive suggestions for the effectiveness of formal mentoring in leadership development. Then the rationale of the conceptual model will be provided with testable propositions. Further, the future direction of research on mentoring in relation to leadership development will be recommended.

Formal mentoring could have great potential as a leadership development initiative.

A conceptual model of formal mentoring for leadership development could lead HRD professionals to identify and develop learning goal‐oriented mentors and protégés.

Contributes to the literature in human resources about formal mentoring programs as a potential leadership development initiative in the workplace.

The Korean manufacturing sector has undergone structural changes in a transition from labor- to capital-intensive industries. These changes seem to be relevant to the weakening of the export effect on employment that began in 1990. In light of the importance of exports in the Korean labor market, the purpose of this paper is to shed light on the primary reasons why export growth does not lead to sufficient job creation as it did in the past.

The authors first use the growth accounting approach to show that the weakening of the linkage between exports and employment is closely related to the composition of export products, which has changed toward being more labor-saving. An empirical analysis (i.e. first difference A-B generalized method of moments estimator) on the employment effect of exports confirms that as the capital-intensity of exports increases employment effect decreases.

The main findings of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the reduction in the export effect on exports is highly correlated with changes in the composition of export products. Second, an increase in exports leads to an increase in manufacturing jobs, and the export elasticity of employment decreases as capital-intensity increases. Third, the export elasticity of employment tends to be higher when the export proportion of SMEs’ products is larger.

Despite the many literatures on the link between exports and employment, there is no consensus on this topic. However, it is generally agreed that the employment effect of exports has been considerably weakened, compared to that of the past, at least in Korea. Nevertheless, few studies attempt to address why this trend has occurred. In this paper, we focus on the structural factors that are the major cause of the weakening of the virtuous cycle between exports and employment. This allows us to provide valuable information to policy makers who are concerned with developing export policies that are related to effective job creation.

The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively confirm whether hosting the Winter Olympic Games can improve tourism balance or increase the number of inbound tourists, and to discuss how Korea could maximize this opportunity. It also attempts to identify other critical variables for improving tourism balances and further suggests that the certain characteristics of participating nation’s patterns of medal wins at the Games should be better understood to contribute to attracting more tourists.

For the quantitative analyses of the relationship between tourism balance and the Games, Newey-West Hac estimation is used to correct autoregression for seven host countries of the Winter Olympic Games in last 24 years. For the analyses of characteristics of specialization in medal wins, conventional revealed comparative advantage model is used and tobit estimation method is applied.

This research confirms the role of hosting the Winter Games in improving tourism balance and increasing the number of inbound tourists. The findings from analyses on country specialization in sports largely coincide with the existing literature, however, in addition to confirming the well-established significance of key variables determining country performance like population and GDP, this study also discloses the role of other variables like team size and population density.

Major contributions of this paper are two-fold: it analyzes the Winter Olympic Games which was rarely tackled; and relates hosting the mega-sport events with the service trade account. As the host country of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, the Republic of Korea has great potential to overcome that chronic deficit by attracting more inbound tourists. This study indicates how country characteristics of specialization can be used to enhance effectiveness of promotion strategy to attract a large number of foreign tourists to the PyeongChang Winter Games and consequently improve tourism balance.

This paper aims to investigate how the gap between a multinational enterprise’s (MNE) productivity and that of its competitor determines the utilization of expatriate managers in its foreign subsidiaries.

The authors first develop a formal analytical model where expatriate managers are relatively more reliable and expensive while local managers are prone to job-hopping. The authors then test the predictions of the analytical model using subsidiary-level data of Korean MNEs.

The findings show a positive relationship between the productivity gap and the share of expatriate managers in a foreign subsidiary. The empirical findings also show that the job position (middle versus top managers) is another key determinant of the utilization of expatriate managers.

The results of this paper are consistent with the literature that finds that MNEs choose a governance structure that minimizes the hazard of opportunism in their subsidiaries, yet the paper reveals a novel aspect of the determinants of expatriate utilization.