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The purpose of this research work is to design and apply LabVIEW in the area of traffic maintenance and flow, by introducing improvements in the smart city. The objective is to introduce the automated human–machine interface (HMI) – a computer-based graphical user interface (GUI) – for measuring the traffic flow and detecting faults in poles.

This research paper is based on the use of LabVIEW for designing the HMI for a traffic system in a smart city. This includes considerable measures that are: smart flow of traffic, violation detection on the signal, fault measurement in the traffic pole, locking down of cars for emergency and measuring parameters inside the cars.

In this paper, the GUIs and the required circuitry for making improvements in the infrastructure of traffic systems have been designed and proposed, with their respective required hardware. Several measured conditions have been discussed in detail.

PJRC Teensy 3.1 has been used because it contains enough general-purpose input–output (GPIO) pins required for monitoring parameters that are used for maintaining the necessary flow of traffic and monitor the proposed study case. A combination of sensors such as infrared, accelerometer, magnetic compass, temperature sensor, current sensors, ultrasonic sensor, fingerprint readers, etc. are used to create a monitoring environment for the application. Using Teensy and LabVIEW, the system costs less and is effective in terms of performance.

The microprocessor board shields for placing actuators and sensors and for attaching the input/output (I/O) to the LED indicators and display have been designed. A circuitry for scaling voltage, i.e. making sensor readings to read limits, has been designed. A combination of certain sensors, at different signals, will lead to a secure and more durable control of traffic. The proposed applications with its hardware and software cost less, are effective and can be easily used for making the city’s traffic services smart. For alarm levels, the desired alarm level can be set from the front panel for certain conditions from the monitoring station. For this, virtual channels can be created for allowing the operator to set any random value for limits. If the sensor value crosses the alarm value, then the corresponding alarm displays an alert. The system works by using efficient decision-making techniques and stores the data along with the corresponding time of operation, for future decisions.

This study is an advanced research of its category because it combines the field of electrical engineering, computer science and traffic systems by using LabVIEW.

Describes the improvements that smart sensors will bring to electronic measurement and control systems, and the advantages of using integrated sensors. Outlines the problems encountered when designing integrating electronics for use on a smart sensor chip and lists the major functions that smart sensors must perform. Concludes that the solution to many real life sensor problems will only be found when a well designed “care‐free” intelligent sensor can be produced and continues that the way to realize this concept is to combine a sensor device with a number of micro‐electronic components into a single sensor package.

Gives a short history of “smart” in relation to the field of instrumentation. Defines the boundaries and suggests that a smart component should incorporate some combination of the elements of an application system which includes some element of control, computation or decision making. It should also enhance the functionality, performance or exit of the end system. Presents a number of examples of smart functionality and smart components and concludes that suppliers of sensors and actuators will take a leading role in the smart revolution.

Outlines the current research work on intelligent sensors and intelligent transducers which will be required in complex systems. Discusses the elements of an intelligent sensor and concludes that these require analogue filtering, data conversion and compensation, and a digital communication link to a common signal bus. Explains what is meant by a systems approach to intelligent sensors with layered information processing. Concludes that unless a deeper understanding of the basics of sensor systems is acquired new intelligent sensor design will be very difficult.

This paper describes a self‐test procedure for a micromachined silicon accelerometer realized using a commercially available microprocessor. The accelerometer is fabricated using a combination of thick‐film printing and silicon micromachining. It consists of a silicon structure with thick‐film piezoelectric elements that act as sensors, detecting the deflections of the inertial mass, and also as actuators capable of performing a self‐test routine. The self‐test procedure must be performed at resonance and the microprocessor is used to identify the individual resonant frequency of each device and confirm the operation of the PZT elements. This work has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a microprocessor implemented procedure and has highlighted some interesting behavioral characteristics of the accelerometer. The microprocessor could also be used in the future to fully test and calibrate the device thereby ensuring correct and accurate operation.

Describes the progress made to date in testing and developing a system to monitor the environment within a commercial vehicle’s tyre ‐ its temperature and pressure ‐ by means of a radio link to a single central receiver inside the vehicle. Discusses the economic and safety implications of maintaining the correct pressure in vehicle tyres and reports that reactions from commercial vehicle suppliers have been positive.

Experts claim over 50% of sensor applications are currently served by silicon‐sensor technology.

The need for better performance, safety and comfort is the driving force behind the dramatic growth in car electronics. The key to success depends mainly on system reliability and cost which in turn are related to the choice of technological approach. The basic topics to be investigated are, on the one hand, system architecture and, on the other, the implementation techniques involved. Large scale integration of a consistent portion of the system will be necessary but other factors such as interconnections, packages and so on must also be taken into account. The variety of boards, components and assembly techniques currently available are just adequate for present needs, but for the 1990s the continuously increasing complexity of automotive electronic systems will probably necessitate better use of what is available and possibly new ideas.

Internet has changed radically in the way people interact in the virtual world, in their careers or social relationships. IoT technology has added a new vision to this process by enabling connections between smart objects and humans, and also between smart objects themselves, which leads to anything, anytime, anywhere, and any media communications. IoT allows objects to physically see, hear, think, and perform tasks by making them talk to each other, share information and coordinate decisions. To enable the vision of IoT, it utilizes technologies such as ubiquitous computing, context awareness, RFID, WSN, embedded devices, CPS, communication technologies, and internet protocols. IoT is considered to be the future internet, which is significantly different from the Internet we use today. The purpose of this paper is to provide up-to-date literature on trends of IoT research which is driven by the need for convergence of several interdisciplinary technologies and new applications.

A comprehensive IoT literature review has been performed in this paper as a survey. The survey starts by providing an overview of IoT concepts, visions and evolutions. IoT architectures are also explored. Then, the most important components of IoT are discussed including a thorough discussion of IoT operating systems such as Tiny OS, Contiki OS, FreeRTOS, and RIOT. A review of IoT applications is also presented in this paper and finally, IoT challenges that can be recently encountered by researchers are introduced.

Studies of IoT literature and projects show the disproportionate importance of technology in IoT projects, which are often driven by technological interventions rather than innovation in the business model. There are a number of serious concerns about the dangers of IoT growth, particularly in the areas of privacy and security; hence, industry and government began addressing these concerns. At the end, what makes IoT exciting is that we do not yet know the exact use cases which would have the ability to significantly influence our lives.

This survey provides a comprehensive literature review on IoT techniques, operating systems and trends.