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In the first of three articles reviewing Commercial Printing Ink Pigmentation the classification and various printing systems are considered.
Hamada Abdelwahab, Fatimah A.M. Al-Zahrani, Ali A. Ali, Ammar Mahmoud and Long Lin
This paper aims to synthesize new screen-printing ink formula based on new derivatives of azo thiadiazol disperse dyes and evaluate their characteristics after being printed on…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to synthesize new screen-printing ink formula based on new derivatives of azo thiadiazol disperse dyes and evaluate their characteristics after being printed on polyester fabric substrates.
Design/methodology/approach
New dispersed dyes based on 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives (dyes 1 and 2) were prepared and confirmed by different analyses, infrared (IR), mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and then formulated as colored materials in the screen-printing ink formulations. Printing pastes containing the prepared dyestuffs and other ingredients were used for printing polyester using screen-printing or traditional printing. The characteristics of printed polyester fabric substrates were measured by color measurements such as a*, b*, L*, C*, E, Ho, R% and color strength, as well as light, washing, crock and alkali perspiration fastness, and finally, the depth of penetration was evaluated.
Findings
The prepared 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives (dyes 1 and 2) were obtained from the reaction of 5,5’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-amine) with resorcinol and m-toluidine as a coupling component. The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for silk screen-printing on polyester fabrics has been investigated. The prints obtained from a formulation containing dye 1 possess high color strength as well as good overall fastness properties if compared to those obtained using dye 2.
Practical implications
The method of synthesis of the new dyestuffs and screen-printing ink provides a simple and practical solution to prepare some new heterocyclic disperse azo dyes, and they are formulated in the screen-printing inks for printing on a polyester fabric substrate.
Originality/value
The prepared disperse dyes based on 1,3,4-Thiadiazole derivatives (dyes 1 and 2) could be used in textile printing of polyester on an industrial scale.
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In this chapter, the author considers how Melbourne’s grindcore metal scene produces itself as coherent, authentic and masculine through the discursive positioning of Sydney’s…
Abstract
In this chapter, the author considers how Melbourne’s grindcore metal scene produces itself as coherent, authentic and masculine through the discursive positioning of Sydney’s scene as lacking, inauthentic and feminine and/or homosexual. The way Melbourne scene-members talk about Sydney in ethnographic interviews and online, indicates how Melbourne’s grindcore scene identity rests on a particular striving towards – and fantasy of – a bounded, comprehensible masculine identity anchored in Symbolic/linguistic signifiers of homophobia. Building on my previous research on Melbourne’s scene, the author utilises a Lacanian perspective to argue that the masculinist talk of Melbournians works as a response to the affective experience of enjoying grindcore music. Here, the author departs from my earlier work, where the author used Deleuzian/Massumian understandings of affect to suggest that affect works to construct community belonging in grindcore scenes (2014). Instead, the author uses Lacan’s approach to affect to suggest that Melbourne grindcore fans construct their identity via furiously producing a fantasy of Sydney fans as ‘Other’. They Symbolically construct Sydney as a ‘cultural wasteland’ populated by ‘poofter[s]’ (Melbourne Grind Syndicate, 2016) who are imagined, and positioned as, inauthentic due to their affective enthusiasm for grindcore. Here, affect works to exclude and Other grindcore fans rather than as a force for collectivity.
G.H. Elgemeie, K.A. Ahmed, E.A. Ahmed, M.H. Helal and D.M. Masoud
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some novel 2-amino-6,6-dimethyl-9-phenyl-3-(phenyldiazenyl)-6,7-dihydropyrazolo-[5,1-b]quinazolin-8(5H)-one derivatives by…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some novel 2-amino-6,6-dimethyl-9-phenyl-3-(phenyldiazenyl)-6,7-dihydropyrazolo-[5,1-b]quinazolin-8(5H)-one derivatives by multi-component one-pot reaction using a microwave as a new tool for green chemistry.
Design/methodology/approach
An equimolor from arylazopyrazole, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and benzaldehyde derivatives was dissolved in Dimethylformamide (DMF) to be irradiated in a microwave for 15 minutes; after completion of the reaction, as indicated by Thin layer chromatograph (TLC), the reaction mixture was poured into ice water, filtered and then crystallized with an appropriate solvent.
Findings
The structure of the synthesized dyes was established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (MS, IR and 1H-NMR). These prepared dyes were used to print polyester and polyamide fabrics using synthetic thickener in the printing paste for the silk screen technique. The synthesized dyes are superior in terms of yield, purity, color strength and fastness properties and will lead to valuable achievements for commercial production.
Originality/value
An efficient method for synthesis of pyrazoloquinazolinone dyes was designed. The novel procedure features short reaction time, moderate yields and simple workup. The authors studied its application in printing polyester and polyamide fabrics.
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Margaret H. Rucker, Elizabeth M. Crown and Carrie L. Haise
The objective of this study is to determine the effects of silk screened emblems on thermal protective performance of wildland fire fighter protective clothing systems under two…
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine the effects of silk screened emblems on thermal protective performance of wildland fire fighter protective clothing systems under two moisture conditions. Three outerwear conditions (current emblem, new emblem, blank) were combined with both underwear conditions (emblem, blank) to produce six clothing systems. The two moisture conditions were both layers conditioned (dry) and top layer conditioned/lower layer saturated with water (wet). Both radiant protective performance (RPP) testing and thermal mannequin testing were used to evaluate the clothing systems. The data showed a decline in thermal protective properties of the clothing systems under conditions of high heat flux and wet inner layer. While both jacket emblems performed better than the blank jacket, one emblem was more protective under radiant exposure conditions while the other was found to be superior in the thermal mannequin tests.
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G.H. Elgemeie, K.A. Ahmed, E.A. Ahmed, M.H. Helal and D.M. Masoud
The study aims to synthesise new thiophene-based dyes by an efficient method using sodium a-cyanoketene dithiolates as starting components for synthesis of tetra-substituted…
Abstract
Purpose
The study aims to synthesise new thiophene-based dyes by an efficient method using sodium a-cyanoketene dithiolates as starting components for synthesis of tetra-substituted thiophenes, which act as a coupler for the synthesised dye. The synthesised dyes are applied for printing polyamide and polyester fabrics using the screen printing technique.
Design/methodology/approach
Treatment of 1 with carbon disulfide in alkaline medium forming disodium salt 2, which act as starting point for heterocyclisation to prepare these dye stuff 7. Sodium a-cyanoketene dithiolates 2 react with two moles of phenacyl bromide derivatives, forming alkylsulfanylthiophenes which react with the diazonium salt, forming the target dyestuff. These prepared dyes are used to print polyamide and polyester fabrics by using a synthetic thickener in the printing paste using screen-printing techniques.
Findings
The structure of synthesised dyes were established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (IR and 1H-NMR). The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for screen printing on polyamide and polyester fabrics has been investigated. The prints obtained from dyes possess high colour strength as well as excellent overall fastness properties.
Research limitations/implications
The diazo coupling reaction of the starting tetra-substituted thiophene 5 with diazotised aromatic amines resulted in the formation of the corresponding dye. The synthesised dyes were utilised in preparing a paste for polyester and polyamide fabric printing. In addition, both of the variations of the substituents on the synthesised dyes and the fastness properties were also studied.
Practical implications
The synthesised dyes are superior in terms of yield, purity, colour strength and fastness properties, which lead to valuable achievements for commercial production.
Social implications
The synthesised dyes are superior for application in fabrics.
Originality/value
The synthesis for novel thiophene-based dye stuff for application in printing properties on polyester and polyamide fabrics and study their fastness properties.
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Keywords
G.H. Elgemeie, K.A. Ahmed, E.A. Ahmed, M.H. Helal and D.M. Masoud
The purpose of this study is to successfully implement microwave irradiation for the rapid synthesis of novel fluorescent dyes. The prepared dyes are then applied for printing of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to successfully implement microwave irradiation for the rapid synthesis of novel fluorescent dyes. The prepared dyes are then applied for printing of polyester and polyamide by silk screen printing process.
Design/methodology/approach
A series of new N′-(methylene)-2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide derivatives 3a–r were synthesised in excellent yield and high atom economy by the Knoevenagel condensation of salicylaldehyde derivatives 1 and cyano-N′-methyleneaceto-hydrazide derivatives 2 in the presence of piperidine catalyst. The optical properties of the synthesised compounds were recorded; all of the compounds were found to be fluorescent in 1, 4-dioxane solution; they all emitted blue light (440-460 nm). This work shows that the optical properties strongly depend on the nature of the substituent, and indicate which type of substituent is favourable for a given application. It confirms that iminocoumarin derivatives could lead to a new generation of fluorescent probes, prone to easy modification of their chemical structure. These synthesised dyes are used to print polyester and polyamide fabrics using synthetic thickener in the printing paste for silk screen technique.
Findings
The structures of synthesised dyes were established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (MS, IR and 1H-NMR). The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for traditional printing on polyester and polyamide fabrics has been investigated. The prints obtained using the synthesised dyes were found to possess high colour strength and excellent overall fastness properties but relatively low light fastness.
Research limitations/implications
The synthesised fluorescent dyes were prepared by a simple reaction process in microwave. The optical properties for obtained dyes show include the fact that it will have various important applications. In addition, they were used for printing synthetic fabrics and were found to have good results.
Practical implications
The new fluorescent dyes’ system has excellent printing properties. Also they are superior in terms of yield, purity, colour strength and fastness properties which may lend them valuable commercial production.
Originality/value
The result of this work aimed to define the scope and limitation of the procedures for the synthesis of novel iminocoumarin dyes via a simple and economic way.
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G.H. Elgemeie, K.A. Ahmed, E.A. ahmed, M.H. helal and D.M. Masoud
– This paper aims to synthesise coumarine flourescent dyes from a cheap material in a very short time with a very high yield, and by using a clean green chemistry.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to synthesise coumarine flourescent dyes from a cheap material in a very short time with a very high yield, and by using a clean green chemistry.
Design/methodology/approach
Efficient microwave synthesis for some novel iminocoumarins starts from the reaction of p-phenyl-enediamine and ethyl cyanoacetate followed by cyclocondensation with salicylaldehyde derivatives.
Findings
The synthesized iminocoumarine compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the compounds were also recorded. All compounds were fluorescent in 1,4-dioxane solution, they all emitted blue light (440-460 nm). The printing properties were studied, and their applications on printing polyester and polyamide fabrics were studied by silk screen printing.
Originality/value
The authors designed efficient microwavel synthesis for some novel iminocoumarine derivatives; The novel procedure features short-reaction time, moderate yields and simple workup; All compounds were fluorescent in 1,4-dioxane solution, and they all emitted blue light; The authors studied their application in printing polyester and polyamide fabrics.
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Military and commercial hybrids, using high speed integrated circuits with increased input/output density, require low cost, high reliability thick film circuits providing high…
Abstract
Military and commercial hybrids, using high speed integrated circuits with increased input/output density, require low cost, high reliability thick film circuits providing high density, multilayered interconnections with controllable electrical and mechanical characteristics. To meet these criteria it was necessary to adapt the silk screen printing process, including design, materials and reproduction processes, to cater for ‘thick film’, that is able to reproduce extremely fine lines without sacrificing the edge definition of the circuit layout. Printing screens were developed to deposit gold and silver pastes with line/space widths of 50 microns (0.002 in.) on bare ceramic and 100 microns (0.004 in.) on dielectric layers. Interconnection between layers was achieved with 150 micron (0.006 in.) dielectric via openings with corresponding via‐fill conductive connections (gold or silver). The development of the photo‐image onto the emulsion of the screen was deemed to be the most important single step in determining the final print definition of the circuit's design. The main body of this work was concentrated on this approach. The selection of the screens, emulsion system, UV exposure and development processes are also discussed. A capability circuit (CQC) was produced, consisting of five metal layers with line/spaces of 100 microns connected on each side of the ceramic by front to back lasered ‘through‐hole’ connections of 125 microns (0.005 in.) and layer interconnections through 150 micron (0.006 in.) dielectric vias. This capability circuit is classed as an Electronic Component of Assessed Quality by Capability Approval in accordance with BS 63200.
S. Ghalab, W. M. Raslan, E.M. El-Khatib and A.A. El-Halwagy
Plasma surface treatment of silk has been carried out in atmospheric air under experimental conditions at different discharge powers and plasma exposure times. The treated fabric…
Abstract
Plasma surface treatment of silk has been carried out in atmospheric air under experimental conditions at different discharge powers and plasma exposure times. The treated fabric samples are printed with reactive dye using a conventional silk screen printing technique. After drying, the samples are steam fixed at 102°C for 15 min, washed and air dried. Before and after printing, both treated and untreated samples are subjected to different investigations. The wetting time is found to depend upon the treatment time and discharge power. The colour strength of the treated samples printed with reactive dye is improved to a large extent compared with the untreated samples. An improvement in the fastness properties of the printed samples to washing, rubbing and perspiration is also noticed.
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