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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the natural convection heat transfer and irreversibility characteristics in a quadrantal porous cavity subjected to uniform temperature heating from the bottom wall.

Brinkmann-extended Darcy model is used to simulate the momentum transfer in the porous medium. The Boussinesq approximation is invoked to account for the variation in density arising out of the temperature differential for the porous quadrantal enclosure subjected to uniform heating on the bottom wall. The governing transport equations are solved using the finite element method. A parametric study is carried out for the Rayleigh number (Ra) in the range of 10³ to 10⁶ and Darcy number (Da) in the range of 10⁻⁵-10⁻².

A complex interaction between the buoyant and viscous forces that govern the transport of heat and entropy generation and the permeability of the porous medium plays a significant role on the same. The effect of Da is almost insignificant in dictating the heat transfer for low values of Ra (10³, 10⁴), while there is a significant alteration in Nusselt number for Ra ≥10⁵ and moreover, the change is more intense for larger values of Da. For lower values of Ra (≤10⁴), the main contributor of irreversibility is the thermal irreversibility irrespective of all values of Da. However, the fluid friction irreversibility is the dominant player at higher values of Ra (=10⁶) and Da (=10⁻²).

From an industrial point of view, the present study will have applications in micro-electronic devices, building systems with complex geometries, solar collectors, electric machinery and lubrication systems.

This research examines numerically the buoyancy driven heat transfer irreversibility in a quadrantal porous enclosure that is subjected to uniform temperature heating from the bottom wall, that was not investigated in the literature before.

The purpose of this paper is to examine cash dividends and stock repurchases in Canada from 1988 to 2006 and their relationship with earnings.

The study uses logistic regressions to examine the likelihood of paying dividends and the timing of repurchases and OLS regressions to examine the level of payout.

The fraction of dividend‐paying firms declines from 1988 to 2001 and then slightly rebounds until the end of the sample period in 2006. Firm size, profitability, investment opportunities, and catering incentives explain the likelihood of paying dividends. Unlike US firms, Canadian repurchase‐only firms do not become important payers in terms of either the percentage of firms or the level of payout. Dividend‐only firms pay out significant amounts of cash. Firms with both regular dividends and regular repurchases pay out the largest amount. The payout of different groups of payers is determined by their earnings. Testing firms with both regular dividends and regular repurchases reveals that earnings, undervaluation, and availability of cash explains the timing of repurchases but earnings mainly explains the level of repurchases.

Canadian data are unavailable after 2006, which precludes investigating the potential implications of the financial crisis beginning in 2007.

This is the first paper to analyze the evolution of the relationship between payout and earnings in Canada.

The purpose of this research is to analyze survey results on the perception of dividends by managers of dividend‐paying firms listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX).

Managers from a sample of 291 dividend‐paying TSX‐listed Canadian firms were surveyed about their views on dividends.

The most important factors influencing dividend policy are the level of current and expected future earnings, the stability of earnings, and the pattern of past dividends. Despite dramatic differences in the level of ownership concentration between Canadian and US firms, their corresponding managers' views on the determinants of dividends are similar. Canadian managers believe that dividend policy affects firm value but express little agreement with the theory of a residual dividend policy. They express strong support for the signaling and lifecycle explanations for paying dividends, but not for the bird‐in‐the‐hand, tax‐preference and dividend clientele, agency cost, or catering explanations. Compared with non‐dividend payers, Canadian dividend‐paying firms are significantly larger and more profitable, have greater cash reserves and ownership concentration, and have fewer growth opportunities.

This study updates and expands previous survey‐based research on dividends and provides new evidence from managers of Canadian firms.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically study the relationship between informed trading and overall corporate governance mechanisms.

A broad range of governance characteristics are used to measure the governance structure of firms in the Toronto Stock Exchange. The risk of informed trading is estimated using a PIN measure that avoids biases induced by trade classification errors. Our proxies for informed trading are regressed on measures of corporate governance.

Our most important result is that the observed trade‐off between CEO compensation and informed trading holds only for large firms. There is no correlation between CEO cash compensation and the risk of informed trading in small and medium sized firms. We find evidence that cross‐sectional differences in the risk of informed trading are explained by a firm's governance structure.

Research finding a trade‐off between CEO compensation and informed trading merits closer examination.

Limitations on insider trading, and more broadly on informed trading, may involve different costs and benefits for large firms than for medium and small firms.

This paper expands the set of governance characteristics shown to interact with informed trading activity. The Toronto market is well suited to focusing on relations between informed trading and firm‐level governance characteristics.

We return to the problem that motivated the original behavioral theory of the firm, price adjustment, but from the standpoint of post-Carnegie School perspectives on cognition, attention, and routines. Whereas work in the Carnegie School tradition has tended to develop models of firms in opposition to economic theory, we seek to understand how economic ideas are used to shape decision processes. Using a combination of interview, observational, and archival data gathered at a large manufacturing firm that produced parts to maintain machinery, we develop a behaviorally plausible story of how organizations shape price adjustment. We follow three successive waves of managers seeking to improve the pricing routines through shifting attentional perspective, managing attentional engagement, and structuring attentional execution. We demonstrate how managers redesign routines to shape cognition and attention, thereby developing greater coherence in the market representations of the sales force. Our findings show how reshaping cognition and attention in pricing routines can improve organizational intelligence in pricing decisions. Economists treat markets as the ideal – the best that can be imagined – and organizations as second-best options – the best that can be achieved, but our findings invert the story, suggesting that in modern market economies, organizations and routines are essential to making the price system work.