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Based on the research of free trade agreements on alleviating service trade policy heterogeneity and its impact on manufacturing exports, this article aims to not only provide a basis for China's strategy of promoting regional economic integration, but also provide a policy reference for the manufacturing industry to expand the export market space.

This study uses the two principles of “answering” and “scoring” to quantify the indicators of service trade policy heterogeneity to test the relationship between heterogeneity of service trade policy, free trade agreement and manufacturing export.

According to empirical study, the export of Chinese manufacturing firms is severely hampered by the variety of service trade regulations, and the bigger the enterprise, the more hampered it is. In comparison to communications, transport and commerce, the financial industry's policy heterogeneity has a greater negative impact on certain industries. The major methods used to reduce the impact of service trade policy heterogeneity on manufacturing exports are product price increases and product quantity reductions. Also, by reducing the heterogeneity of service trade regulations and fostering industrial exports, the free trade agreement that China has signed can be quite successful. The open commitment in the area of national treatment, however, can reduce policy heterogeneity and advance manufacturing.

In the area of market access, the effect of export is superior to the open promise. Thus, in order to effectively support the stabilization of international trade, China should actively encourage the negotiation and signing of higher-quality and mutually beneficial free trade agreements.

The relationship between real exchange rate and services export diversification is at the heart of this study.

The analysis is performed using a sample of 113 countries over the period 1985–2014, and the 2-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The analysis uses both the Theil index and Herfindahl–Hirschman index of services export concentration.

The analysis shows that over the full sample, the real effective exchange rate appreciation induces a greater services export diversification. This outcome applies to high-income countries and developing countries. However, the positive effect of the appreciation of the real exchange rate on services export concentration is lower in least developed countries than in other countries. Finally, the effect of the appreciation of the real exchange rate on services export concentration in tax haven countries depends on the indicator of services export concentration, as this is positive for the Theil index and negative for the Herfindahl–Hirschman index of services export concentration.

These findings highlight the strong influence of real exchange policies on countries' path of services export diversification.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this topic is being addressed in the empirical literature for the first time.

The impact of e‐business on export management companies (EMCs) has been debated for some time and several reasons for their survival have been forwarded. Based upon the resource‐based perspective of the firm, this study provides a far more fundamental reason for the survival of the well‐established EMCs‐their market‐based assets. Furthermore, this study analyzes the impact of e‐business proliferation on the well‐established EMCs transaction creating and physical fulfillment exporting services and their efficiency and effectiveness.

Much has been written about the manifestations and managerial implications of customer co-production in service offerings. However, there have been relatively few references to issues of co-production in international service environments. Co-production is very relevant in international environments because of the requirements for interaction between producers and consumers, which interaction spans international borders and national cultures. The purpose of this paper is to apply an established theory of co-production, the Unified Service Theory (UST), to the international service context. This provides the authors with structured models for conceptualizing the co-productive nature of international service offerings and assessing-related managerial implications.

The UST provides a model of co-productive service delivery. Extending that model, the authors develop a taxonomy of international service based on the “four modes of service supply” provided in the General Agreement on Trade and Services instituted by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Then, using data from the WTO and World Bank, the authors propose and test six hypotheses for predicting service exporting focus corresponding to the co-production taxonomy.

Based on the analysis of empirical data, the authors find more service exporting focus in small, growing, high-wage economies that have a significant service base and focus in merchandise exporting. The strength of these effects differs for different modes of service supply.

The authors also discuss cultural issues of international service, but the empirical analysis of culture effects is thus far inconclusive. Also, the analysis is limited to modeling and studying dyadic relationships, i.e., service providers in one country involved in an interchange with customers in another country. A natural extension would be to consider triads and more complex networks of co-productive service offerings.

This research shows how managerial implication of the UST can be extended to international service contexts. The authors review managerial implications pertaining to meeting variable demand, describing service characteristics, and pricing.

Co-production research is well-established in service management literature. This paper extends that research to international contexts by describing the WTO taxonomy in terms of the UST. This allows the authors to apply various insights of co-production to international service offerings.

To highlight the relative importance of service‐specific export performance drivers that help successful exporting.

A gap between the antecedents of manufacturing and service firms was identified via an extensive review on the export performance as well as services literature. Taking the resource‐based view and the contingency approach, a series of research propositions relating to the determinants of export performance among service firms are developed.

This paper suggests that traditional export performance models, developed for and tested with manufacturing firms, cannot be assumed to apply equally well in service settings. Further, service specific export theory needs to adopt a contingency approach which in turn provides insightful and value‐added research for academics and practitioners in the services exporting sector.

The paper provides recognition of the relative importance of the different export performance and value drivers; value propositions can be more effectively designed in order to gain competitive advantage.

Increases in the international marketing of services have created a need to better understand the determinants of service export performance measures. While numerous studies suggest using either the ratio of a firm′s foreign sales over its total sales, number of markets, perceptions of export profitability, or management′s satisfaction with export performance as surrogate indicators of export performance, these measures are based upon the fundamentals of manufacturing industries. To better equip service managers with appropriate evaluative tools, this study analyzes the alternative methods of measuring export performance within the context of the services industry, Results of a survey of US‐based, international business‐to‐business service firm indicate that each measure captures different components of overall export performance. This research identifies the key input variables of each export performance measure to help international managers of service firms select the export performance measure that is most appropriate for them to use in determining whether or not they are achieving their goals.

Services represent the fastest growing portion of the world economy, yet they are still vastly under‐represented in the export packages of most countries. Services present unique challenges that make exporting potentially more difficult and riskier than for goods industries, yet they also offer huge untapped potential with very little research done in this area. This study develops hypotheses regarding the exporting decisions of services companies using qualitative interviews and the exporting literature. These are then tested through a survey of nearly 700 consulting engineering firms. Nearly 90 per cent of the exporting firms in the sample are happy with the performance of their exporting programs, yet nearly three‐quarters of the firms are not exporting. Overcoming limitations in know‐how and resources, developing positive attitudes about exporting, recognizing foreign opportunities and fostering management commitment to exporting are found to be the most important determinants of exporting behavior for professional services firms.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the export behaviour (EB) developed by the Chilean service sector exporter firms using longitudinal data, to contribute to the scarce literature in this field in emerging markets.

Chilean service sector exporter firms are studied through a longitudinal analysis (2006 to 2015) comparing EB (continual/discontinual exporters) with respect to market diversification (MD). Considering a quantitative hypothesis test, based on a t-test, comparing these two groups of firms, using STATA software.

According to this research, scarce MD promotes a discontinual export development process in Chilean service sector exporter firms.

It is important to define public policies focussed on maintaining exportation over time and also to support these firms in diversifying their markets.

This paper shows a means of analysis, using longitudinal data, to compare large groups of firms, describing the causes of the discontinual export development process. At the same time, it enhances the literature on service sector exporters.

El propósito de este trabajo es describir y explicar la conducta exportadora desarrollada por las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios utilizando datos longitudinales, para contrinuir a la escasa literature en este campo, respecto de países en vías de desarrollo.

Las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios son analizadas a través de un estudio longitudinal entre los años 2006 y 2015, comparando la conducta exportadora (Exportadores continuos y exportadores discontinuos) respecto de su diversificación de mercados. Considerando un test de hipótesis cuantitativo, basado en T-test, comparando estos conjuntos de empresas hemos utilizando el software STATA.

De acuerdo a esta investigación, una escasa diversificación de mercados promueve la exportación discontinua entre las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios.

Es importante definir políticas públicas enfocadas en mantener la exportación a través del tiempo y también apoyar la diversificación de sus mercados en las empresas chilenas exportadoras del sector de servicios.

Este trabajo muestra un medio de análisis, utilizando datos longitudinales, para compara grupos grandes de empresas, describiendo las causas del desarrollo del proceso de de exportación discontinua. Al mismo tiempo que mejora la literatura acerca del sector exportador de servicios.

This paper aims to survey India's experience with exporting services. The authors seek to show that the country's experience is unique in that modern tradable services are a significantly larger share of GDP than in other countries at comparable levels of economic development. This has not always been the case, however; India's out‐performance is limited to recent years. Policy initiatives, from trade reform to liberalization of domestic industrial and service sectors, were important for jump‐starting the process.

This paper reviews the literature and evidence. It takes a close look at the Indian service sector and specifically information‐technology‐related (IT) services, seeking to situate the growth in service exports from India in its comparative context. The authors document the role that exports of services have played in the performance of the Indian economy in recent years. They seek to pinpoint the “take‐off” in Indian services output and establish the extent to which the country's success in exporting services is exceptional from an international point of view. And they discuss the extent to which India's performance as an exporter of services has been shaped by policies liberalizing the service sector itself and by liberalization of the manufacturing sector.

Panel and country‐specific regressions for a cross section of countries point to the importance of a range of additional factors: overall economic development, communications infrastructure, access to foreign technology, and spillovers between the merchandise and service exports. Importantly, however, these factors, jointly or individually, do not wipe out the significance of a dummy variable for India. India, evidently, is a significant outlier as an exporter of services, and even more so as the period proceeds.

The paper discusses the country's major policy initiatives, such as trade reforms and liberalization of domestic industrial and service sectors, and their importance for jump‐starting the process of services growth and its exports. Regression results show that, in addition to these policies, other factors such as overall economic development, communications infrastructure, access to foreign technology, and spillovers between the merchandise and service exports were important as well.

Research on export behaviour and the determinants of export performance of manufacturing firms abounds in the literature. By contrast relatively little research has been undertaken that focuses on service exporters despite the growing importance of service exports in most advanced industrialised countries. This paper compares the export behaviour and performance of service firms to those of manufacturing firms. The study is based on a survey of 155 small and medium size exporters from New Zealand. The results suggest that service exporters are distinctively unique in many respects and exhibit export behaviours that are different from exporters of merchandise. Generally, service firms have greater flexibility to adapt their products to the specific requirements of their customers, use direct export channels more often and are also more proactive than merchandise firms in the establishment of future export strategies. Overall, the size and commitment of service exporters have the greatest influence on their performance.