Search results

The role of scripts as a job design tool, and the functional and dysfunctional impacts of mindlessness that can result from the habitual and repetitive performance of scripts is examined from a service perspective. Five dimensions of scripts are then proposed: script complexity – the degree to which scripts require cognition during their performance; script intensity – the degree to which the script permits variation and adlibbing in its performance; number of scripts – an absolute measure of the number of scripts that must be learned to perform the job; percentage of time in script – the percentage of work time spent in scripted behaviour; and percentage of scripted duties – the percentage of a worker′s job duties or tasks that are scripted. These dimensions are then examined in the context of the degree of customer‐induced uncertainty experienced by service organisations. Finally, a model is proposed that relates the five script dimensions to high, medium, and low levels of customer‐induced uncertainty.

To explain some of the dynamics of scripts creation as used in training, to offer a sequence of events to use in creating a performance script, and to offer some examples of how script creation is applied in training activities.

The paper explains in detail and demonstrates the general processes of script creation for training uses. The design of the paper is to present, in sequence, a generalized script creation process, and evidence of the efficacy of script creation.

While there is not a lot of research available to practitioners about script creation uses in training, the research that does exist gives credible support for script creation applications. There is a body of research in cognition and cognitive processes that tangentially treats script behavior. However, that body of research is highly technical and esoteric and not of practical value to most practitioners.

The script creation processes and supporting information give practitioners a considered view of some useful training applications and generally add to the toolbox of trainers and facilitators. A sequence of events is offered that may be tailored for a specific training application. The script creation process, in general, offers a model for trainers to consider in applications such as exploration of new skills, skills improvement, continuous performance improvement and change initiatives, among others.

As far as the author knows, there is no generally available model or template for script creation activities in a training context. This paper helps to address the matter. Of value to practitioners and managers is the explication of a general, malleable model for training activities that is grounded on sound learning and motivation theory.

The purpose of this paper is to describe Saraswati, a cross‐lingual Sanskrit Digital Library hosted at Banaras Hindu University. The system aims to assist those who know Sanskrit and at least one Indic script out of Devanagari, Kannada, Telugu and Bengali.

The system is developed with the Unicode standard using PHP as the programming language. The system follows three levels of architecture for search, display, and storage of Sanskrit documents. The system uses the UTF‐8 character representation system and generates on‐the‐fly transliteration from one Indic language script to another.

The system successfully demonstrates transliteration of Sanskrit text from one language to another. Saraswati is also capable of searching a given keyword across different languages and produces the result in the desired language script.

Some languages such as Tamil (not chosen for study) use context dependent consonants, and with the present algorithm they require further refinement.

With Saraswati, people can read Sanskrit documents and also perform a search for documents available in other scripts. The present system is useful for reading cross‐lingual literature. The present study demonstrates successful implementation of Saraswati over the University Intranet.

It is very common among scholars both in India and abroad that they learn Sanskrit with only one Indic script. The present system is helpful for such kind of scholars.

The system is the first of its kind anywhere and will be highly beneficial for scholars.

This article discusses the use of telecommunications scripts in automating online library functions. The pros and cons of developing scripts for replacing manual keyboard entry are investigated. In addition, the concept of creating more complicated, decision‐making, ‘intelligent scripts’ is explored. Sample applications designed at Kent State University, in conjunction with the university's migration from NOTIS to Innovative Interfaces, are described. Implications concerning library processes and conventions for effective script design are also presented.

The impact that workplace aggression has on organizations and its members has become a focal point for organizational research. To date, studies have primarily examined the perpetrator of workplace aggression, specifically their personality traits. In this chapter, we draw on Institutional Theory to better understand a specific form of workplace aggression, indirect (covert) aggression. We specifically present a model that shows how the normative pressures and social roles within an institution influence the aggressive actions by employees as well as the scripts employees utilize in response to indirect aggression. We assert that an examination of how scripts are used to respond to indirect aggression will be especially helpful in understanding how institutional pressures influence this type of workplace aggression within organizations.

Purpose – Using examples from Australia, Finland and The Netherlands, we describe the sociocultural processes that influence farmers. We outline the styles of farming approach as an explanation of diversity (heterogeneity) and the farming scripts approach as an explanation of conformity (continuity and tradition).

Methodology – This chapter is a theoretical comparison that draws on earlier work of the authors. The research into styles of farming used focus groups and interviews, while the research on farming scripts is based on an analysis of biographies submitted for a national writing competition or gained by narrative interview.

Findings – We argue that there are a number of farming scripts that may well be universal, at least within family farming in western cultures. We found that the concept of styles of farming is a useful heuristic device, but that it was difficult to use in practice to use to classify farmers. We conclude that both style and script are needed to account for the full range of sociocultural influences on farmers.

Practical implications – Our chapter seeks to expand understanding of the social lives of farming families and to increase the realisation that farming is a sociocultural practice. Efforts to change agriculture need to be mindful of this fundamental dimension of farming practice if they are to be successful.

Originality – The analysis we have undertaken is the only theoretical comparison of these approaches.

This chapter expands the limited work on leadership in the digital age and considers how the relative inclusivity of organizational identity as well as its corresponding organizational scripts affects who performs “leading tasks,” formal leaders or committed supporters, in two social movement groups. Drawing on a random sample of 5% of Facebook posts from committed supporters and 1% of Facebook posts from group administrators associated with March Against Monsanto (MAM) and Occupy Monsanto (OM), two groups that have shared general goals but different organizational identities, we find that the clarity of an organization’s script shapes who performs leading tasks and how they perform them. MAM, which has an exclusive organizational identity and relatively defined script, encouraged supporters to engage with one another directly and perform a broad range of leading tasks even as it reinforced the group’s hierarchy. OM, which has an inclusive organization identity and relatively undefined script, had less supporter engagement. Absent scripts regarding the rules of participation, OM’s committed supporter primarily shared information with other site users, but rarely engaged them directly. We conclude with a discussion of our results and outline additional avenues for analyzing leadership in the digital age.

Service work is often differentiated from manufacturing by the interactive labor workers perform as they come into direct contact with customers. Service organizations are particularly interested in regulating these interactions because they are a key opportunity for developing quality customer service, customer retention, and ultimately generation of sales revenue. An important stream of sociological literature focuses on managerial attempts to exert control over interactions through various techniques including routinization, standardization, and surveillance. Scripting is a common method of directing workers’ behavior, yet studies show that workers are extremely reluctant to administer scripts, judging them to be inappropriate to particular interactions or because they undermine their own sense of self. This paper examines a panoptic method of regulating service workers, embodied in undercover corporate agents who patrol employee’s adherence to scripts. How do workers required to recite scripts for customers respond to undercover control? What does it reveal about the nature of interactive labor? In-depth interviews with interactive workers in a range of retail contexts reveal that they mobilize their own interactional competence to challenge the effects of the panoptic, as they utilize strategies to identify and adapt to these “mystery shoppers,” all the while maintaining their cover. The paper shows the limits on control of interactive workers, as they maintain their own socialized sense of civility and preserve a limited realm of autonomy in their work.

This paper aims to explore whether products branded with handwritten scripts suffer more from the effects of product-harm crises than other brands. Most studies on handwritten scripts focus on their positive effects, such as humanizing a product or creating an emotional tie with consumers. However, seldom have researchers investigated the negative effects of handwritten scripts. This paper goes some way to filling this gap.

Five experimental studies were conducted to test three hypotheses. These experiments provide evidence of the negative effects of handwritten scripts. In addition, they reveal the mechanisms that lead to these outcomes and outline the boundary conditions of the negative effects.

Framed by attribution theory, three conclusions can be drawn from the experiments: when a product-harm crisis occurs, consumers react with greater negativity toward the brand using handwritten scripts than to those using machine typefaces. The negative effect is explained by a serial mediation process that follows the pattern: typeface → perceived humanization → brand responsibility → brand attitude. The negative effect decreases when the crisis is perceived to be an accident.

This paper enriches the theory of marketing in terms of both handwritten scripts and product-harm crises, providing valuable guidance for enterprises that use handwritten scripts in their marketing activities.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an algorithm for realizing web crawlers that automatically collect dynamically generated webpages from the deep web.

This study proposes and develops an algorithm to collect web information as if the web crawler gathers static webpages by managing script commands as links. The proposed web crawler actually experiments with the algorithm by collecting deep webpages.

Among the findings of this study is that if the actual crawling process provides search results as script pages, the outcome only collects the first page. However, the proposed algorithm can collect deep webpages in this case.

To use a script as a link, a human must first analyze the web document. This study uses the web browser object provided by Microsoft Visual Studio as a script launcher, so it cannot collect deep webpages if the web browser object cannot launch the script, or if the web document contains script errors.

The research results show deep webs are estimated to have 450 to 550 times more information than surface webpages, and it is difficult to collect web documents. However, this algorithm helps to enable deep web collection through script runs.

This study presents a new method to be utilized with script links instead of adopting previous keywords. The proposed algorithm is available as an ordinary URL. From the conducted experiment, analysis of scripts on individual websites is needed to employ them as links.