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Collaboration with universities is an important innovation strategy for enterprises. However, currently very little research has focused on how such university-industry collaborative innovation activities should be managed. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

This paper introduces the university-industry collaborative innovation practices of Zhejiang NHU Company in China. By using a case study as the method, this paper aims to illustrate the mechanism of university-industry collaborative innovation and how to manage the collaborative innovation activities efficiently.

Zhejiang NHU Company established a university-industry collaborative innovation link through three innovation platforms: the technology R&D center, the ZJU-NHU joint-research center, and the national engineer center. Zhejiang NHU Company manages its collaborative relationships with universities through this innovation network.

NHU Company managed the collaborative relationship efficiently with the institutions, representing an effective degree of university-industry collaborative innovation management.

The origin and nature of meaningful, persistent firm-specific differences is a central issue in the study of business strategy. I investigate in this paper the role of characteristics physically external to firms, but embodied in their local geographic areas, in driving differences in firms’ organizing strategies. Specifically, I examine the extent to which location-specific characteristics affect the organization of pharmaceutical firms’ research laboratories bringing both qualitative and quantitative evidence to bear on this issue. Analyses of the histories of several late 19th century drug makers suggest that differences in local institutions, labor markets, and demand structures played important roles in affecting case firms’ strategic evolution. For example, while Mulford (Philadelphia PA) exploited the strength of nearby universities and the city’s public health system in organizing around leading-edge capabilities in bacteriology, Sterling (Wheeling WV) found that its local environment rewarded investments in marketing and distribution. Panel data analysis on a sample of firms from the late 20th century provides complementary evidence, demonstrating that the scientific orientation of modern drug discovery laboratories is positively and significantly correlated with measures of the strength of the local scientific and technical base. Together, these analyses suggest that location-specific characteristics may be important in driving firm heterogeneity and, ultimately, competitive advantage.

The authors investigate the relationship between the structure and the functioning of scientific and technical (S&T) personnel and the quality research and development (R&D) performance output of laboratories functioning under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. The purpose of this paper is to examine how rapid economic and social changes and the demand for better accountability are addressed by public R&D institutions in a specific developing economy.

The authors use the functions performed by the S&T personnel as indicators of their tacit knowledge. The authors use data from 27 different CSIR laboratories to analyze the specific functions carried out by knowledge workers (S&T personnel) in order to gauge the internal strengths and weaknesses of individual laboratories in different functional areas. The authors use the following measures to tap the quality R&D performance of these laboratories – number of Indian patents filed and granted, number of foreign patents filed and granted, and the number of published papers figuring among the top 50 CSIR publications in specific research areas over an extended period of 11 years (2003-2004 to 2013-2014).

The findings show that there is no readymade formula for identifying improvements in quality performance by a research laboratory, given a particular set of S&T worker profile in terms of the six functions defined in the study. The top-performing laboratories have excellent patent as well as publication record reinforcing the point that innovation encompasses both basic and applied research with success depending upon strategically emphasizing the different components of the innovation process.

The scope of the present research work is limited by the choice of the quality R&D performance measures adopted in the study that could be further expanded to better tap the social accountability of these public-funded institutions. In addition, inclusion of all CSIR laboratories in the study framework would add value to the study findings. The research highlights the importance of tacit knowledge management and organizational learning as central features of strategic organization development for technology practices incorporating R&D work, the support of pilot plants, experimental field stations, and engineering and design units.

The paper has particular implications for the leadership and management of public R&D organizations and public policy formulation for innovation in an emerging developing economy context.

This study extends the extant literature by drawing upon the role of tacit knowledge and organizational learning to inform the empirical research on managing public R&D and the innovations that result from it, in a particular emerging economy context, that is, India.

Moving from “Engineering” oriented R&D being characterised by research aimed at meeting immediate market needs, Japanese companies are developing new organisational and administrative structures to permit original R&D. They are also forced to solve problems of growing labour‐costs and shortages of managerial posts stemming from the ageing of the workforce. Within this wider process, reforms of the personnel administration of R&D are being initiated. The key characteristics lie in the fact that such modifications as expansions in the scope of rotation and clarification and diversification of career paths are common to engineers/scientists of all levels. This being the case, one can expect that the Japanese style of personnel administration system will change along the lines of one which emphasises uniformity among employees both in terms of career path and method for determining reward. Within the ongoing fundamental reform, a new model of creative and original R&D is expected to emerge in Japan.

At the first glance the title of this paper appears entirely simple and straightforward. The author learned the hard way that nothing could be farther from the truth. The subject proved to be quite comparable to an octopus, revealing an increasing number of provocative tentacles and thus requiring, in turn, additional investigative work. As this paper progresses it may seem to stray farther and farther from the title but at the conclusion it is anticipated that the excursions will prove justified.

The scientific research aims to examine the scientific-theoretical approaches of spiritual and personality formation in the workplace in sacred sources and world leaders in this field. The main research methodology of the scientific research work is to systematically and comprehensively examine the approaches of the worldly and sacred sources in the formation of spirituality and personality in the workplace. The main application importance of the scientific research work is to apply the obtained results in the formation of morale and personality in the workplace. All this will lead to the innovative approach of spirituality and personality in the workplace, the systematic development of this field, and sustainable and sustainable activity. The main results of the scientific research work – improvement of morale and personality formation in the workplace – reflect conceptual and theoretical innovations in this field. The results of the research serve the application of spirituality and personality formation in the workplace, the improvement and development of that field. The originality and scientific novelty of the scientific research are that the main scientific-theoretical directions of the scientific approaches shown in the works of sacred sources and world leaders in the formation of spirituality and personality at the workplace were studied, and the theoretical-practical approaches of the formation of this field as a scientific-practical direction were investigated. From this point of view, the scientific research work can be considered admirable from the point of view of the study of scientific approaches in the formation of spirituality and personality in the workplace.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a contribution on the role of European R&D projects (ERDPs) on small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) resource development.

This paper adopts a qualitative methodology based on a longitudinal case study. The case analysis concerns Gamma, a small high-tech firm based in Italy, active in nanotechnologies since 2005 as a research spin-off and since its establishment active in ERDPs. The analysis is developed along three main phases of development where the company participated to different ERDPs.

The empirical analysis highlights that since its establishment, Gamma has been able to increasingly exploit participation in ERDPs, in order to gain access to financial and technological resources. Such active and continuous participation fostered the development of both advanced technological and organizational resources, which then allowed the company to survive and play a growing role as a well-known technology partner in the nanotechnology field in Italy and Europe.

Adopting an IMP perspective, the paper provides a contribution on the managerial dimension of SMEs’ participation in ERDPs – which represents a neglected topic in the existing literature – on two distinct grounds: resource development process and networking processes. With respect to resource development processes in ERDPs, this case study underscores the relevance of ERDPs for developing both technological and organizational resources, highlighting the relevance of project management-related knowledge. In terms of networking processes, this paper highlights the need to fully understand the interplay of ERDP networks and business networks.

On the one hand industrial and business managements pay lip‐service to creativity, but on the other hand they show scant recognition of the characteristics of creative people. And yet it is on scientists and engineers of a special kind, as well as many other creative people, that the future depends – technologically, socially, culturally and spiritually. In this article, Professor Stein presents valuable data for the selection and management of creative scientists, engineers and supporting personnel. The central point he makes is that to do its job right, management needs to do far more to acknowledge the role it must itself play in the creative process. This article is a condensed and modified version of a paper presented by Dr Stein at the 1985 annual conference of the Personnel Association of Ontario, on 28 February 1985, held in Toronto, Canada. We acknowledge permission of the Association to publish.

The purpose of this paper is to study the internationalization of technology development in India. The internationalization of research and development (R&D) has not been a recent phenomenon. Large multinational companies increased their R&D investment in various host countries during the past years. While the US and the countries in Western Europe have been the traditional locus of R&D, China and India have emerged lately as the destinations for R&D. The changes in geopolitical systems of trade and intellectual property protection couples with the advances in information and communication technology have helped globalize the R&D activities.

The study has used the US patents as a surrogate measure for the technical output from India. The data include all US patents granted between 1992 and 2007 in which at least one inventor was an Indian resident. Studies in the field of economics of technology and in science policy have used patents as a valid measure of R&D output.

The results of this study indicated that there were three phases of technological development in India. Intensity of patenting, role of the different institutions in technology development, and the focus of technology characterize each phase. By examining the co‐inventors, the authors see how the international cooperation among scientists has shaped. While government laboratories under the aegis of the council of scientific and industrial research had a high number of patents, their role has gone through significant shifts among the three phases. The authors also find that the multinational companies from the US have driven the recent growth in Indian patenting and are using more of all‐Indian teams for patentable research. This indicates maturation the skills of technical personnel in India in terms of developing patentable technology. The study also points out the fact that despite the growth of the Indian corporations in the IT sector, they lack in building their own intellectual property. If India wants to maintain the momentum of growth in corporate R&D, it faces the challenge of upgrading its higher education in producing technical graduates at masters and doctoral levels.

Limitations of the study include the validity of patents as the sole measure of innovation and technology development. The process of obtaining patents in the US is expensive and it may deter some organizations to pursue it. Other methods to obtain data on innovative activities may be necessary to validate the findings reported here.

The study provides a rich source of information about the growth of technological fields in India and the challenges that it faces in building its global competitiveness.

The study should be useful in identifying the sectors where India has developed strengths and the areas where it needs to improve. Also, by examining the ownership pattern of the intellectual property in these sectors, one can postulate the technological independence of Indian organizations.

The purpose of this paper is to review the reform of China's science and technology (S&T) system and the linkage between globalization and the requirements of China's S&T system during the past two decades.

The authorities and responsibilities of the government in macro administration of S&T are discussed.

It is suggested that strengthening and optimizing the administration mechanism should be the top priority.

This paper usefully looks at future and further reform in the S&T system for China, and by reviewing the history of reforming, analyzes the new problems which will be confronted at first.