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The purpose of this paper is to exploit the cyclic symmetry to reduce the computational expense of scaled boundary method (SBM) which may cumber its further application.

A partitioning EFG-SB (Element-free Galerkin-SB) algorithm is proposed for the two-dimensional elastic analysis of cyclically symmetric structures.

By utilizing the cyclic symmetry and partitioning algorithm, the whole computational cost can be significantly reduced. Three numerical examples are given to illustrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm.

It is proved that the matrices of eigenvalue and system equations of EFG-SBM for cyclically symmetric structures are block-circulant so long as a kind of symmetry-adapted reference coordinate system is adopted. No matter whether displacement constraints are cyclically symmetric or not, the partition is available for the eigenvalue equations. Therefore the major computational cost can be saved via the proposed partitioning algorithm. This paper provides an efficient algorithm for the two-dimensional elastic analysis of cyclically symmetric structures using EFG-SBM. A higher computing efficiency can be expected since the proposed partitioning algorithm facilitates parallel processing.

This paper aims to introduce a multiscale computational method for structural failure analysis with inheriting simulation of moving trans-scale boundary (MTB). This method is motivated from the error in domain bridging caused by cross-scale damage evolution, which is common in structural failure induced by damage accumulation.

Within the method, vulnerable regions with high stress level are described by continuum damage mechanics, while elastic structural theory is sufficient for the rest, dividing the structural model into two scale domains. The two domains are bridged to generate mixed dimensional finite element equation of the whole system. Inheriting simulation is developed to make the computation of MTB sustainable.

Numerical tests of a notched three-point bending beam and a steel frame show that this MTB method can improve efficiency and ensure accuracy while capturing the effect of material damage on deterioration of components and structure.

The proposed MTB method with inheriting simulation is an extension of multiscale simulation to structural failure analysis. Most importantly, it can deal with cross-scale damage evolution and improve computation efficiency significantly.

To better understand factors that lead to business model innovation (BMI) in organizations, this study argues that inclusive leadership is the primary source that motivates employee engagement in boundary-spanning activities, which fosters BMI by generating and integrating employee knowledge through boundary-spanning exploration.

This paper analyzes the relationships between inclusive leadership, boundary-spanning exploration and BMI to discover how they influence each other. This is achieved by a survey of more than 30 enterprises in Zhejiang Province, China. The survey data are analyzed using SPSS.

Inclusive leaders who display characteristics of openness, accessibility and availability have a positive effect on BMI and boundary-spanning exploration; openness and accessibility have more significant positive effect on BMI and boundary-spanning exploration.

Because this study covers only in Zhejiang Province, in China, the findings may not be easily generalizable to other contexts. Other factors, such as organizational structure and contextual characteristics, could also be added as antecedents in a future investigation. Moreover, the scales could be revised more suitable for China in the future.

The empirical findings can be used as guidelines for firms seeking to take advantage of inclusive leadership and to help firms motivate their employees to engage in boundary-spanning exploration to acquire, generate and integrate knowledge from diverse sources to promote BMI.

This study provides insights that will be of value by adding to the theoretical foundation of our understanding of the antecedents to firms' BMI. This study argues that employees' boundary-spanning exploration is important to BMI as well. Inclusive leadership is crucial to stimulate boundary-spanning exploration by employees. Therefore, how to encourage inclusive leadership in firms is well worth examining.

Certain previously unobserved features of scale formed in an oil‐fired billet reheating furnace are described. It is shown that sulphur‐rich melts formed at the scale/metal interface penetrate the grain boundaries of the overlying scale: subsequently the sulphur is removed by an oxidation reaction in which the surrounding manganese‐containing oxide takes part, to form a complex manganese silicate. The thermodynamics of possible reactions are discussed briefly and hypotheses put forward for the transport mechanisms of sulphur from the furnace atmosphere to the scale/metal interface.

Refers to a 1999 Australian survey which examined a 26 item scale developed regarding three major automated library systems issues, which approved 23 items that represented criteria for the success of automated library systems, and rejection of the remaining three items. The same scale was translated into Farsi in the year 2000 and distributed among 240 library managers and systems librarians in 120 Iranian institutions of higher education. Results of the Iranian survey were acceptance of 24 out of the 26 scale items by university librarians and systems managers, and rejection of two items. The rejected items were not identical in the two studies, and the discrepancies mainly raised by “boundary” issues. However, Australian and Iranian colleagues seem to be identical in their attitudes towards management, technicalities and usage of automated library systems. The scale, so far, has proved to be reliable and valid, at least with 21 of its items.

This chapter offers a mechanism-based explanation of how single-cause oriented protest events are transformed into a mass movement where previously fragmented causes of contention come to be expressed in conjoint action. Drawing on the case of 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, we map the protest waves and identify two mechanisms that mediate the influence of repression on mobilization of dissent. The first mechanism is the perceived nature of the cause of contention. Repression leads to scale shift (McAdam et al., 2008) in the first wave when exercised over those who protest for an issue perceived to be innocent. The second mechanism is the experience of repression. Boundary deactivation among protesters and the resulting continuity in protest activity follow scale shift in the second and third waves as experience of repression transforms perceptions of those that were previously framed as others. Our analysis relies on data collected via participant observation, in-depth interviews, and an online survey with 1,352 protesters.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nano boundary‐layer flows over stretching surfaces with Navier boundary condition. This problem is mapped into the ordinary differential equation by presented similarity transformation. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation is solved analytically by applying a newly developed method. The authors consider two types of flows: viscous flows over a two‐dimensional stretching surface; and viscous flows over an axisymmetric stretching surface.

The governing equation is solved analytically by applying a newly developed method, namely the differential transform method (DTM)‐Padé technique that is a combination of the DTM and the Padé approximation. The analytic solutions of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation are constructed in the ratio of two polynomials.

Graphical results are presented to investigate influence of the slip parameter and the suction parameter on the normal velocity and on the lateral velocity. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the numerical solutions, demonstrate remarkable accuracy. It is predicted that the DTM‐Padé can have wide application in engineering problems especially for boundary‐layer problems.

The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation is solved analytically by applying a newly developed method, namely the DTM‐Padé technique that is a combination of the DTM and the Padé approximation. The analytic solutions of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation are constructed in the ratio of two polynomials.

The purpose of this paper is to present an investigation of the effect of different gravity conditions on the penetration mechanism using the two-dimensional Distinct Element Method (DEM), which ranges from high gravity used in centrifuge model tests to low gravity incurred by serial parabolic flight, with the aim of efficiently analyzing cone penetration tests on the lunar surface.

Seven penetration tests were numerically simulated on loose granular ground under different gravity conditions, i.e. one-sixth, one-half, one, five, ten, 15 and 20 terrestrial gravities. The effect of gravity on the mechanisms is examined with aspect to the tip resistance, deformation pattern, displacement paths, stress fields, stress paths, strain and rotation paths, and velocity fields during the penetration process.

First, under both low and high gravities, the penetration leads to high gradients of the value and direction of stresses in addition to high gradients in the velocity field near the penetrometer. In addition, the soil near the penetrometer undergoes large rotations of the principal stresses. Second, high gravity leads to a larger rotation of principal stresses and more downward particle motions than low gravity. Third, the tip resistance increases with penetration depth and gravity. Both the maximum (steady) normalized cone tip resistance and the maximum normalized mean (deviatoric) stress can be uniquely expressed by a linear equation in terms of the reciprocal of gravity.

This study investigates the effect of different gravity conditions on penetration mechanisms by using DEM.

Strategic management and social innovation

Undergraduate and graduate level management/business school students. It can be taught in strategic management and social innovation courses.

GOONJ is a non–profit organization which has life and dignity for lakhs of people in India over the last decade. It aimed at bringing up clothing as one of the important aspects of human life and make it available for the needy keeping their dignity intact. The case begins with Anshu Gupta, founder of GOONJ thinking deeply about the high–priority meeting to take GOONJ to the next level and scale up the operations of his social innovation. It then tries to bring up the potential problem of clothing and menstrual hygiene in India followed by explanation of the present working model of GOONJ which allows them to manage the operations with 97 paisa per cloth. With the dream of taking GOONJ to the next level and converting it into a nation–wide phenomenon, will the present model work?

This case will cover two important aspects: social innovation process (themes, challenges and implications for practice); and strategic management concepts (stakeholder theory, internal–external factor evaluation).

Teaching notes.

The purpose of this paper is to extend the scaled boundary radial point interpolation method (SBRPIM), as a novel semi-analytical scheme, to the analysis of the steady state confined seepage flows.

This method combines the advantages of the scaled boundary finite element method and the BRPIM. In this method, only boundary nodes are used, no fundamental solution of the problem is required, and as the shape functions constructed based on the RPIM satisfy the Kronecker delta function property, the boundary conditions of problems can be imposed accurately and easily.

Three numerical examples, including seepage flow through homogeneous and non-homogeneous soils, are analyzed in this paper. Comparing the flow net obtained by SBRPIM and other numerical methods confirms the ability of the proposed method in analyzing seepage flows. In addition, in these examples, the accuracy of the SBRPIM in modeling the velocity singularity at a sharp corner is illustrated. SBRPIM accurately models the singularity point in non-homogeneous and anisotropic soil.

SBRPIM method is a simple effective tool for analyzing various kinds of engineering problems. It is easy to implement for modeling the velocity singularity at a sharp corner. The proposed method accurately models the singularity point in non-homogeneous and anisotropic soil.