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In class action antitrust litigation, the standards for acceptable economic analysis at class certification have continued to evolve. The most recent event in this evolution is the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1435 (2013). The evolution of pre-Comcast law on this topic is presented, the Comcast decision is thoroughly assessed, as are the standards for developing reliable economic analysis. This article explains how economic evidence of both antitrust liability and damages ought to be developed in light of the teachings of Comcast, and how liability evidence can be used by economists to support a finding of common impact for certification purposes. In addition, the article addresses how statistical techniques such as averaging, price-dispersion analysis, and multiple regressions have and should be employed to establish common proof of damages.

Aadhaar card is an innovative step taken by the Government of India to facilitate smooth functioning of government welfare programs among the needy citizens of this country. This chapter deals about the Aadhaar Project of the Central Government, its features, its impact on the welfare schemes of government, etc. Second, it also deals with the challenges and loopholes associated with the Aadhaar scheme which eventually led to the case of Justice K. S. Puttaswamy and Another v. Union of India [Writ Petition (Civil) No. 494 of 2012]. At last, the chapter deals with the potential challenges which the Aadhaar scheme may face even after it has been declared constitutional by the Apex Court in the case of Justice K. S. Puttaswamy and Another v. Union of India [Writ Petition (Civil) No. 494 of 2012].