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Part 1 has dealt with the theoretical aspects of the modified two-strand spinning system. The application of a notch roller is the key modification. This part estimates the optimum geometry for the notch roller.

A modified two-strand spinning system is described in this study. This system differs from other two-strand spinning systems in that it has a pair of intennittent notch roller placed above the convergence point. The notch roller cyclically alters the number of twist in the two strands above the convergence point and increases the level of strand-twist in the folded structure below the convergence point. This leads to increased trapping of surface fibres so that the hairiness of the resultant yam can be reduced and its abrasion resistance improved. A mathematical analysis of this modified two-strand spinning system is presented in this part of the series.

This paper was written as part of a suite to inform the Big Lottery Better Start programme and as such has focused on the outcomes that are of interest to that programme. The authors have also focused on outcomes for younger children and the zero to three years age group where data are available. There is a social gradient such that the lower a family's socio-economic status (SES) the greater the likelihood that they have children who are obese, have impaired social and emotional skills, or have impaired language acquisition. These statistics are clear and undisputed. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the reasons for the social gradient in these outcomes. The paper provides some suggestions for actions that might be taken to redress the inequalities. It follows broader work presented in, for example, the Marmot (2010) review, Fair Society Healthy Lives.

Rapid review of the literature building on the work of the Marmot (2010) review.

Poor SES is linked with increased stress and a higher likelihood of being unable to afford to live a healthy life. These factors can have a negative impact on children's outcomes. The paper presents some examples of what can be done.

This should be a useful paper for local authorities trying to reduce inequalities and improve outcomes.