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The purpose of the paper is to present an update and the latest results from work on a project which could be useful for maskless printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing.

Copper is plated and etched using a novel electrochemical technique, electrochemical patterning by flow and chemistry, using a masked tool and fully exposed substrate. The micro patterns on the tool are replicated on the substrate via optimum design of the apparatus, choice of electrolyte chemistry and fluid flow.

Linear and square shapes ranging from 5 to 200 μm are transferred using the technique by electrochemical plating and etching. Up to 25 substrates could be processed using a single tool, which indicates that photolithography requirements can be greatly minimised.

The copper lines are transferred to relatively small substrates. The process needs to be scaled up to accommodate larger substrates in order to fully exploit its potential for PCBs.

The paper presents a fundamentally different approach to transfer micron scale pattern using a maskless technology. The platform technology involves using a mask to pattern each substrate; this work shows that micron scale patterns can be transferred without masking by optimising electrochemical reactor technology.

Discusses the process of change in an organisation via learning. Comments on developing and checking out the vision needed which leads to a strategic plan and the sorting out of a sequence of events to achieve it. Looks at the learning culture combined with the approach taken to management development within that culture. Concludes that only by developing breadth in its education can an organisation develop executives that have the vision, foresight, planning, will, adaptability, social skills and stamina to succeed.

Looks at the link between learning and organisational culture. Notes that it is people within organisations who learn, not the organisation itself. Describes the process of learning and links motivation, learning and change. Concludes with the need for an organisation to develop a learning culture not just in the lecture rooms but throughout the work‐place itself.

The county town of Berkshire—Reading—is a lively blend of old and new. Now a thriving industrial centre in the ‘Golden Belt’ which stretches westwards from London on both sides of the M4 motorway, it enjoys a reputation for its fine university as well as its industry. A modern shopping zone contrasts with the attractions of greater interest for art and history lovers, such as museums and art galleries, and the ruins of the Norman Abbey founded in 1121, where Henry 1 lies buried. For the literary record, Oscar Wilde wrote his famous ‘Ballad of Reading Gaol’ and ‘De Profundis’ during his imprisonment in the town. Scenically, too, the Thames Valley hinterland has much to recommend it—leafy lanes, country walks, historic houses.

July 28, 1970 Factory — Statutory duty — Breach — Lighting — Maintenance — Kiln roof satisfactorily lit unless corner lamp out — Corner lamp control at ground level — Workman turning out lamp for own use and not relighting — Whether negligent act for which employers liable — Whether effective provision for lighting maintenance, — Factories Act, 1961 ( 9 & 10 Eliz. II, c.34), ss. 5 (1), 29(1).

Sections of the world's population have always been short of food, the menace of famine ever present. Among primitive peoples, the search for food is their greatest preoccupation. In the years before the first Great War, in the civilised countries of the west, including our own, the persistent poverty of the casual and unskilled workers, helped and held to a permanent state in so many cases by improvidence, was often stretched to near‐starvation, and with few agencies really capable of affording adequate relief. Families went short of food for fairly long periods, especially in the industrial areas and towns and this during times when a dozen stale loaves could be bought for a shilling and a pint of skimmed milk for a halfpenny. In the rural areas, nature helped a little and the country folk could talk of the pleasurable flavour of a rook pie and comb the hedgerows for edible roots, but here too were the cruel flashes when men went to prison for snaring a rabbit on private land or stealing a few swedes from a farmer's clamp.

In this way, the aim of this study is to expand and evelop the application of this technique in FMEA to rank failure modes of ESQ of academic libraries in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Assessment of electronic service quality (ESQ) of libraries is significantly important according to their major roles. It should be noted that the ESQ has a significant impact on customer satisfaction, which improves organizational performance. Accordingly, low ESQ means waste of organizational resources and poor user satisfaction. So, there is a dire need to reflect reasons inducing failure modes in academic library ESQ. Thus, investigation of failure modes affecting academic library ESQ is highly important. One solution in this area is utilization of the intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) as one of the widely used methods for prediction and identification of failure modes.

The present study in terms of objective is applied and in terms of the type of method is descriptive-analytical. The research sample included four experts of Yazd academic Libraries (Iran). To collect data, three types of questionnaires were distributed among experts. The purpose of the first questionnaire was to identify and reach an agreement on e-library failure modes. Type II questionnaire was used to determine the importance of identified risk factors and Type III questionnaire was used to prioritize the factors.

Results indicate that the difficulty of using websites, lack of provided information feedback to users and lack of links on the website to users' are the main priorities for improving ESQ in the studied academic libraries.

In this approach, the Intuitionistic fuzzy Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution method were used to rank failure modes in academic library ESQ within the FMEA framework.]

The purpose of this paper is to broaden the conception of the base of the pyramid (BoP) from that of a low purchasing power community, to a globally disconnected community.

The paper identifies two views related to fortune at the BoP using the conventional purchasing power approach: finding fortune at the BoP; and creating fortune at the BoP. As a next step, the paper offers a theoretical basis for two additional views using the broader conception: sharing fortune with the BoP using social responsibility theory; and enabling fortune at the BoP using critical social theory. The authors construct an integrated framework to aid practitioners in responding to a variety of context‐specific issues in BoP strategy.

The conventional approach might result in undermining the dignity of BoP communities, and discrediting their unique knowledge systems and potential contributions. It is argued that a context‐sensitive approach can help address these issues to a great extent. In discussing context specific approaches, the paper also introduces the exchange value view that facilitates the need to evolve an open level playing field of value exchange between MNCs (and its partners) and BoP communities.

There is a need for comparative empirical studies examining benefits and costs associated with (and the sustainability of) the three views proposed.

The paper offers a broader definition of the BoP, and provides alternative views going beyond the conventional strategy approach to BoP.

January 27, 1970 Mines Quarry — Dangerous machinery — Moveable bar on tractor — Four‐inch nip when bar fully raised — Tractor being removed from pit by attaching dragline to bar — Slip by employee trapping foot in nip — Whether a “dangerous” exposed part of machinery — Whether duty to fence — Dragline not long enough to reach if tractor on level ground — Tractor backed short way up slope of pit — Whether failure to provide longer dragline breach of statutory or common law duty — Mines and Quarries Act, 1954 (2 & 3 Eliz.II, c.70), ss. 82(1), 115.

The purpose of this study is to identify consumer buying behavior, sense of security on the market and basic economic knowledge among young people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – Asperger Syndrome, while the empirical goal is the development of conclusions and implications, which may be used in consumer strategies.

The research consisted of a pilot study and used the diagnostic survey method. A survey questionnaire of the own devising was used. The study used a purposive (arbitrary) sample. This was a non-probability respondent sample, consisting of subjective selection by researchers among a selected closed representative sample, the aim of which was to test the research tool (survey questionnaire) during the pilot study. The survey questionnaire was constructed on the basis of theoretical assumptions explaining consumer buying behavior and on a literature review regarding research conducted in this area. The study was conducted on adolescents aged between 16 and 19 years of age, 40 of whom suffered from ASD – Asperger syndrome and 50 of whom were without ASD – Asperger syndrome (control group).

The results indicate a limited range of consumer behaviors, a relatively poor sense of security in consumer (retail) spending and a limited understanding of fundamental consumer issues among young consumers with ASD – Asperger syndrome in comparison to people from the control group.

This study suggests that marketers should prepare diverse means of communication with consumers and a variety of sales strategies targeted at consumers with communication disorders. The research may be extended to include the large number of factors that influence consumer behavior among people with ASD – Asperger syndrome, together with the determination of the predictors. The factors contribute to a varying extent to constant changes in consumer behavior, which makes it necessary for longitudinal or even cyclical studies to be carried out. In further research, the research tool should be improved in terms of more precise questions relevant to a given issue and random sampling should be implemented.

The research concept can be transferred to other vulnerable groups with communication disorders (e.g. with hearing disorders).

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to investigate selected aspects of consumer (and financial consumer) behavior among young people with ASD – Asperger syndrome.