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Introduction: This study presents defining and analysis of the results of people infected with COVID-19. The main goal of this chapter is to extract and present an overview of COVID-19 pandemic infection; wherewith extracted dataset, we analyse confirmed, deaths and recovery cases.

Aim: This chapter tries to analyse the differences between Balkan states according to affected cases with COVID-19. To achieve our goal, we used a reported dataset from World Health Organization (WHO). The methodology used in this chapter is quantitative by measuring the data and comparing these data. Results show compared cases between countries in Balkan.

Results: The data are analysed using SPSS software. The analysed data show that there exist very important differences between states regarding all cases that are either positive or deaths of recovered. All the data are collected from WHO databases in the CSV file where the number of cases in our dataset is 2,762 rows which include Balkan countries.

Conclusion: All these cases are taken in the period January–December 2020. These contain a total of 10 cases from Balkan countries. In this way, the number of infected, confirmed and death cases is shown in that region.

Originality/value: This chapter contributes to defining and analysing the epidemiology of all states which are part of Balkan territory. As we know, COVID-19 has its impact in different forms but the greatest consequences in these places are tremendous. According to WHO reports, we see three statements of cases which are cured, died and infected up until now. The most powerful states in the world have passed this period of infection in different forms successfully, but some of them, such as in the Balkan region, have failed by having numerous deaths and this had an impact on the economy, free movement of people and so on.

Firstly, the authors aimed at offering a general perspective on poverty, highlighting important directions of thinking from the theoretical development, including poverty's main causes (like education, health, social protection, economic growth, employment and good governance). Secondly, it was investigated the problem of poverty in Romania after its accession to the European Union (EU), aiming to show (1) Romania's position among the EU member states, nearby (2) the direct and indirect effects of the selected factors particularly in this country.

Based on data from Eurostat and Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), descriptive and path analyses were performed for the period between 2007 and 2020.

The main results emphasized (1) the critical position of Romania among the EU member states in 2020 and the progress recorded since 2007, nearby (2) the direct and indirect effects of the selected factors on poverty in this country. The study highlighted the limited chances for the full participation of the poor people of Romania in the progress of the entire society, especially in terms of education and economic growth.

The major contribution of this study is that it assumes to investigate a profound and persistent societal phenomenon in Romania that is not sufficiently analyzed, discussed and understood. Consequently, this study attained its main objective of showing that the main traditional socio-economic causes of poverty are still pertinent in the actual Romanian society.

In its modernization and European integration effort, from 1859 to the present, Romania went through a series of transitional periods. The purpose of this paper is to explore the issues involved in Romania fighting to regain its identity or in forging a new one.

The paper presents a cogent but thorough history and examines the relationship of Romania moving into the future.

Europe itself struggles. Identity does not mean “a difference which separates.” The challenge in Europe now is to find and foster “the difference which unifies.” Europe seems to be an “island of necessary stability” for Romania. Europe of the future can be an area of balance and Romania can become a region of balance within the new European Union.

The paper presents an overview of Romania and the Western World from the 1800s.

Romania is making a strong comeback in the international business arena after 45 years of communism and freedom since the revolution of 1989. This article takes a strategic perspective of the opportunities available to US investors. The article begins with a review of the post‐communist economy in Romania through current US investment status. Key reasons to invest in Romania today include the current government and its vision for Romania, the stable business environment and growing industrial,agricultural and technology sectors. The article concludes with investment strategies and the importance of pairing with local partners.

In the current chapter, we discuss the shape and contours of the field of probation in Romania as they appear in scientific literature and mass media, focusing on the concerns academics and professionals have voiced about Romanian probation. We analyse the timeframe from 2014 to 2021, after the introduction of the country’s New Penal Code (NPC). We structure our argument as follows. The chapter begins with a short incursion into the historiography of probation as a field in Romania. The focus, however, is on the adoption of a NPC in 2014, as this was a significant moment that led to changes for both probation workers and probationers. While we present the first 25 years since probation was instituted in Romania in 1997 as a period of experiments, trials and errors, we aim to highlight the development and consolidation that occurred in the period after 2014 (see Durnescu 2008, 2015; Preda, 2015a, 2017; Sandu, 2016). The NPC was intended to bring forward a reconfiguration of the probation system in Romania (Preda, 2015b). Beyond the promise of the NPC, the 2014–2021 period is one where probation edges into the public sphere via extensive media coverage, including the considerable number of probationers or a string of protests by probation counsellors who felt overworked and overwhelmed. We continue the chapter by analysing the composition and the dynamics of the probation population, always looking beyond the mere numbers to other analytic markers (i.e. numbers of obligations and lengths of the probation period). We conclude the chapter by arguing that our discussion of the ‘weight’ of supervision adds to the current understanding of mass supervision by looking at the aggregated impact that different social, political, penal and cultural factors have on probation practice. In other words, large caseloads, limited human resources, precarious material conditions and negative organisational cultures are likely to generate supervision experiences that can be better interpreted by looking and thinking beyond numbers.

Purpose: The research conducted in this chapter approaches a topical subject and examines the labour market advancement of Romanian migrants within several receiving economies across the European Union, as well as the impact of international migration on the Romanian economy and labour market, also considering the present context of the Covid-19 pandemic and digitalisation challenges.

Method: The methodology embeds spatial bootstrap analysis (spatial lag and error models) applied to a newly compiled dataset for Romania during 2000–2020.

Findings: Main findings of the current research update and complement the specialised literature with new data on Romanian migration by identifying unknown potential reasons that generated the departure of the Romanian labour force abroad and several credentials of the return migration intentions and strategies.

Originality and significance of findings: The results mainly entail some of the essential effects generated by the Covid-19 pandemic regarding the interplay between the labour market and international migration, with a keen focus on Romania.

Real estate sustainability is of high importance around the globe, as effects of global warming are accelerating. Development cannot be denied to any country, irrespective of their status. The emerging economies around the world are putting new stress on the environment as they develop. Romania is one of the developing countries, and will it be able to switch to sustainable development in the near future? This chapter aims to highlight Romania's perspective regarding real estate sustainability. The chapter has shown that (1) even though the country submitted to various conditions that were part of policies concerning the environment and greenhouse gas emissions when it became a member state of the European Union in 2007, progress with the implementation of such conditions is rather slow and behind schedule; (2) both the private and public sectors have not shown the required interest in using low or zero carbon dioxide materials in real estate development and developers' primary aim is to maximise profits and, therefore, make minimum adjustments to comply with the current demand and expectations with respect to energy efficiency and green buildings; (3) illegal deforestation is high, which has a big impact on the environment, and regarding waste management, the country has key challenges and, thus, is at risk of non-compliance with the 2020 municipal waste recycling targets; and (4) air quality is poor and continues to be a problem due to pollution from the transport and energy sectors. In light of these findings, Romania needs to increase its energy production from fossil fuels to renewables and have a better recycling policy and a higher awareness regarding the environment. Further efforts aimed at developing new programmes in education and subsidies policies to encourage a more sustainable future are needed.

Romania was a centrally planned economy until 1990. Over 1950 to 1975 large-scale government investments were made into heavy industry and hence productivity increased. Performance was measured against required production quotas rather than quality products that could be exported (Bacon, 2004). Compared to most other Central and Eastern European countries, Romania had little prior experimentation with market practices, so when the change occurred it was even more significant (Bacon, 2004). Romanians initially enjoyed their new economic freedoms and imported consumables previously not permitted. Inflation increased and workers sought higher wages, with consequential negative effects on output (Daianu, 2004). The government also expended large amounts, particularly foreign exchange reserves, prior to elections. Meanwhile, supranationals, such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), all funded Romania's burgeoning market economy. In 1993, a pyramid-type scheme offering huge returns for money invested for 3 years blossomed and became so large it rivalled gross domestic product (GDP) at the time. Hence the 1990s was a period of instability despite efforts to transform the economy to market practices.

Introduction: Regional economies are significantly shaped by the new developments in technology, digital transformations, as well as by the demographic processes (the ageing population and international migration), all of these being amplified by the Covid-19 pandemics and requiring tailored strategies to bridge regional welfare gaps and enhance sustainable economic development.

Aim: This research provides a review of the interplay between the regional economic welfare and digitalisation, with a keen focus on digital transformations, education, digital skills and risk management strategies in filling development gaps and enhancing regional economic growth in a sustainable development framework, with a keen focus on Romania. In this approach, the study undertakes several essential research questions and designs an advanced theoretical and empirical research to inforce the knowledge in this scientific field.

Method: The methodological framework consists of robust regression models and spatial analysis with two types of spatial models, namely spatial lag-autoregressive and spatial error. National data compiled for Romania during the 2010–2019 lapse of time were exploited.

Findings: Main results encompass that digitalisation coordinates, education and digital skills are essential for enhancing the economic development and labour market performance of various regions in Romania, with beneficial spill-overs on sustainable economic welfare and poverty reduction. These advances bring to the fore important shifts in both demand and supply sides across regional economies that affect the equilibrium and overall performance, while public discourse, regulatory authorities, policy-makers and business representatives render global the keen need to strengthen the understandings in this scientific field.