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The problem this essay addresses is the IS‐OUGHT problem as it is related to science, economics and ethics. The problem is especially provocative in ethics, for though ethics would seem to concern the OUGHT most directly, not a few thinkers have despaired of ever finding a way to ground ethics in an IS of some sort. Parallel to this is the dual challenge confronting economics: to ground economics is the IS, in reality, and at the same time warrant and ground economically prescriptive statements, that is, to justify OUGHT statements in economics.

Gives introductory remarks about chapter 1 of this group of 31 papers, from ISEF 1999 Proceedings, in the methodologies for field analysis, in the electromagnetic community. Observes that computer package implementation theory contributes to clarification. Discusses the areas covered by some of the papers ‐ such as artificial intelligence using fuzzy logic. Includes applications such as permanent magnets and looks at eddy current problems. States the finite element method is currently the most popular method used for field computation. Closes by pointing out the amalgam of topics.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of the integral equation of the hybrid FEM‐RBCI (Finite Element Method‐Robin Boundary Condition Iteration) method for the numerical solution of two‐dimensional electromagnetic (or acoustic) scattering problems.

This accuracy improvement is achieved by selecting the integration curve as straight segments lying in the middle of the triangular finite elements. An accuracy improvement is obtained as compared with selecting the integration curve as constituted by element sides.

The improved FEM‐RBCI method described in this paper leads to accuracies of the numerical results which are better than those obtained by selecting the integration curve by element sides.

The paper presents results for a simple two‐dimensional structure: a dielectric circular cylinder.

This chapter reports on an ethnographic case study of how a group of elementary school teachers designed technology enhanced learning with mobile technology (e.g. notebooks, tablet computers and mobile phones) to facilitate students’ development of literacy and twenty-first century competencies. These teachers designed the school’s literacy pedagogical approach, leveraging the use of technology, namely digital storytelling. The school in this case study is one of the eight Future Schools in Singapore under the FutureSchools@Singapore program. The school has been providing one-to-one mobile computing learning devices and wireless Internet access for its students. The introduction of technology in the classroom makes it possible for twenty-first century competencies to be integrated into literacy development. The conversational framework is used as a framework to examine how the design of the digital storytelling pedagogical approach brings about the various teaching–learning activities – acquisition, inquiry, practice, production, discussion and collaboration. The use of digital storytelling as an approach to integrate information communication technology (ICT) into the classroom has not only modified how ICT is being used in the school, it has redefined how ICT could be used to engage young learners. It has fundamentally transformed conventional storytelling with the use of current state-of-the-shelf (i.e. easily and widely available) technologies. This case study also outlines the processes involved in improving the design of digital storytelling over the years by the teachers. The ecosystem of the school is also taken into consideration and described in detail. Findings suggest the importance of the collaborative efforts of the teachers in the continuous improvements made to this design. The adoption of a learning design framework, such as the one used in this study, can be beneficial to ensure a systematic approach to the design of learning. In addition, the availability of technological infrastructure and computing devices are necessary for the seamless use of technology in the classroom. The just-in-time learning approach is adopted for students to learn technology as they are developing their digital stories.

Older people who are homeless, or at risk of homelessness, have been the ‘forgotten homeless’ in policy debates and service provision. They tend to be less visible and less vocal than other groups, and low priority has been given to the impact of homelessness on their health and well‐being. Through the Older Homelessness Partnership Programme two national charities, The Housing Associations Charitable Trust and Help the Aged, funded seventeen innovative projects throughout the UK to provide services for this user group. The homeless charity Crisis contributed to an evaluation of the Programme. This paper explores the complex and multiple needs of older homeless people, which challenge the popular myth of the older homeless person as an archetypal "tramp" figure.

This article presents the views of board members from two primary care groups in South West England on benefits and concerns relating to the imminent development of primary care trusts, and perceived implications for service delivery and management arrangements.

Issues raised here are drawn from the findings of a housing investigation that explored harassment and abuse of older tenants in the private rented sector. The project examined older people's experiences and raised important links between health and housing. The article highlights financial abuse directed towards these older people and examines implications for professionals and agencies.

This is an outline of findings from research aimed at identifying the emerging issues around the formation of a jointly managed and staffed community rehabilitation service in Bristol.

A brief review of the conditions to which a crankcase oil is subjected during engine operation is given prior to a consideration of the relevance of the current SAE J300 viscosity classification to the needs of today's engines. Regarding the high‐temperature part, it is concluded that the current classification based on the low‐shear‐rate kinematic viscosity at 100°C provides a useful guide to oil consumption and a convenient means of evaluating used oils; it is, however, unsatisfactory as a guide to the fuel consumption and journal‐bearing performance of polymer‐containing oils. Whilst modification of J300 to include high‐shear‐rate viscosity limits could provide a classification relevant to the fuel consumption of such oils, knowledge of the complicated effects of both elasticity and viscosity on load‐bearing capacity, although increasing, is currently incomplete and it will be some years yet before J300 could be usefully modified to provide a guide to the rheological performance of oils in automotive journal bearings.