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1 – 10 of over 93000Business Risk Business risk is the risk, facing the investor, that a company's management will be able to generate sufficient net operating profit, after tax and before payment of…
Abstract
Business Risk Business risk is the risk, facing the investor, that a company's management will be able to generate sufficient net operating profit, after tax and before payment of fixed interest. The bottom line profit, i.e. net of interest, takes into account financial risk as well; however here we are not concerned with the financial gearing of the company, but solely in assessing business risk.
Zhenshuang Wang, Yanxin Zhou, Xiaohua Jin, Ning Zhao and Jianshu Sun
Public-private partnership (PPP) projects for construction waste recycling have become the main approach to construction waste treatment in China. Risk sharing and income…
Abstract
Purpose
Public-private partnership (PPP) projects for construction waste recycling have become the main approach to construction waste treatment in China. Risk sharing and income distribution of PPP projects play a vital role in achieving project success. This paper is aimed at building a practical and effective risk sharing and income distribution model to achieve win–win situation among different stakeholders, thereby providing a systematic framework for governments to promote construction waste recycling.
Design/methodology/approach
Stakeholders of construction waste recycling PPP projects were reclassified according to the stakeholder theory. Best-worst multi–criteria decision-making method and comprehensive fuzzy evaluation method (BWM–FCE) risk assessment model was constructed to optimize the risk assessment of core stakeholders in construction waste recycling PPP projects. Based on the proposed risk evaluation model for construction waste recycling PPP projects, the Shapley value income distribution model was modified in combination with capital investment, contribution and project participation to obtain a more equitable and reasonable income distribution system.
Findings
The income distribution model showed that PPP Project Companies gained more transaction benefits, which proved that PPP Project Companies played an important role in the actual operation of PPP projects. The policy change risk, investment and financing risk and income risk were the most important risks and key factors for project success. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the management of PPP Project Companies, and in the process of PPP implementation, the government should focus on preventing the risk of policy changes, investment and financing risks and income risks.
Practical implications
The findings from this study have advanced the application methods of risk sharing and income distribution for PPP projects and further improved PPP project-related theories. It helps to promote and rationalize fairness in construction waste recycling PPP projects and to achieve mutual benefits and win–win situation in risk sharing. It has also provided a reference for resource management of construction waste and laid a solid foundation for long-term development of construction waste resources.
Originality/value
PPP mode is an effective tool for construction waste recycling. How to allocate risks and distribute benefits has become the most important issue of waste recycling PPP projects, and also the key to project success. The originality of this study resides in its provision of a holistic approach of risk allocation and benefit distribution on construction waste PPP projects in China as a developing country. Accordingly, this study adds its value by promoting resource development of construction waste, extending an innovative risk allocation and benefit distribution method in PPP projects, and providing a valuable reference for policymakers and private investors who are planning to invest in PPP projects in China.
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Martin Eling, Simone Farinelli, Damiano Rossello and Luisa Tibiletti
Recent literature discusses the persistence of skewness and tail risk in hedge fund returns. The aim of this paper is to suggest an alternative skewness measure, Azzalini's…
Abstract
Purpose
Recent literature discusses the persistence of skewness and tail risk in hedge fund returns. The aim of this paper is to suggest an alternative skewness measure, Azzalini's skewness parameter delta, which is derived as the normalized shape parameter from the skew‐normal distribution. The paper seeks to analyze the characteristics of this skewness measure compared with other indicators of skewness and to employ it in some typical risk and performance measurements.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper first provides an overview of the skew‐normal distribution and its mathematical formulation. Then it presents some empirical estimations of the skew‐normal distribution for hedge fund returns and discusses the characteristics of using delta with respect to classical skewness coefficients. Finally, it illustrates how delta can be used in risk management and in a performance measurement context.
Findings
The results highlight the advantages of Azzalini's skewness parameter delta, especially with regard to its interpretation. Delta has a limpid financial interpretation as a skewness shock on normally distributed returns. The paper also derives some important characteristics of delta, including that it is more stable than other measures of skewness and inversely related to popular risk measures such as the value‐at‐risk (VaR) and the conditional value‐at‐risk (CVaR).
Originality/value
The contribution of the paper is to apply the skew‐normal distribution to a large sample of hedge fund returns. It also illustrates that using Azzalini's skewness parameter delta as a skewness measure has some advantages over classical skewness coefficients. The use of the skew‐normal and related distributions is a relatively new, but growing, field in finance and not much has been published on the topic. Skewness itself, however, has been the subject of a great deal of research. Therefore, the results contribute to three fields of research: skewed distributions, risk measurement, and hedge fund performance.
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Qiao Zhang and Ke Wang
The purpose of this paper is to assess the production risk for winter wheat producers in Beijing, China, particularly in its 13 districts.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the production risk for winter wheat producers in Beijing, China, particularly in its 13 districts.
Design/methodology/approach
A parametric approach is used to model wheat‐yield distribution for samples and the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test is used to choose the most appropriate yield distribution. Parameters of the special yield distribution are estimated through the maximum likelihood estimation approach.
Findings
The Burr distribution is found to be the most appropriate parametric distribution to model winter wheat‐production risks for the districts of Beijing, except in the districts of Fengtai and Shunyi. Findings also show that the Johnson family distribution is the most appropriate model for these two districts (SB for the Fengtai District and SU for the Shunyi District). The wheat‐production loss ratios of the Beijing districts are between 6 and 15 percent, which is considered medium range in most regions. The highest production risks are located in the Western regions of Beijing (Mentougou and Fengtai) while the lowest production risk is located in the Southeastern region of Beijing (Daxing District).
Originality/value
To generate an objective yield trend and an accurate production risk assessment, linear moving average, instead of linear (or quadratic) regression, is used in this paper.
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Yingchao Wang, Chen Yang and Hanpo Hou
The purpose of this paper is to predict or even control the food safety risks during the distribution of perishable foods. Considering the food safety risks, the distribution…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to predict or even control the food safety risks during the distribution of perishable foods. Considering the food safety risks, the distribution route of perishable foods is reasonably arranged to further improve the efficiency of cold chain distribution and reduce distribution costs.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses the microbial growth model to identify a food safety risk coefficient to describe the characteristics of food safety risks that increase over time. On this basis, with the goal of minimizing distribution costs, the authors establish a vehicle routing problem with a food safety Risk coefficient and a Time Window (VRPRTW) for perishable foods. Then, the Weight-Parameter Whale Optimization Algorithm (WPWOA) which introduces inertia weight and dynamic parameter into the native whale optimization algorithm is designed for solving this model. Moreover, benchmark functions and numerical simulation are used to test the performance of the WPWOA.
Findings
Based on numerical simulation, the authors obtained the distribution path of perishable foods under the restriction of food safety risks. Moreover, the WPWOA can significantly outperform other algorithms on most of the benchmark functions, and it is faster and more robust than the native WOA and avoids premature convergence.
Originality/value
This study indicates that the established model and the algorithm are effective to control the risk of perishable food in distribution process. Besides, it extends the existing literature and can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the vehicle routing problem of perishable foods.
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Dorothea Diers, Martin Eling and Marc Linde
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of modeling parameter risk in premium risk, especially when data are scarce and a multi‐year projection horizon is…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of modeling parameter risk in premium risk, especially when data are scarce and a multi‐year projection horizon is considered. Internal risk models often integrate both process and parameter risks in modeling reserve risk, whereas parameter risk is typically omitted in premium risk, the modeling of which considers only process risk.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors present a variety of methods for modeling parameter risk (asymptotic normality, bootstrap, Bayesian) with different statistical properties. They then integrate these different modeling approaches in an internal risk model and compare their results with those from modeling approaches that measure only process risk in premium risk.
Findings
The authors show that parameter risk is substantial, especially when a multi‐year projection horizon is considered and when there is only limited historical data available for parameterization (as is often the case in practice). The authors' results also demonstrate that parameter risk substantially influences risk‐based capital and strategic management decisions, such as reinsurance.
Practical implications
The authors' findings emphasize that it is necessary to integrate parameter risk in risk modeling. Their findings are thus not only of interest to academics, but of high relevance to practitioners and regulators working toward appropriate risk modeling in an enterprise risk management and solvency context.
Originality/value
To the authors' knowledge, there are no model approaches or studies on parameter uncertainty for projection periods of not just one, but several, accident years; however, consideration of multiple years is crucial when thinking strategically about enterprise risk management.
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Pallawi Baldeo Sangode and Sujit G. Metre
The purpose of this paper is to identify various risks in the power distribution supply chain and further to prioritize the risk variables and propose a model to the power…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify various risks in the power distribution supply chain and further to prioritize the risk variables and propose a model to the power distribution industry for managing the interruptions in its supply chain. To accomplish this objective, a case of a major power distribution company has been considered.
Design/methodology/approach
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) analysis has been done to identify the potential failure modes, their severity, and occurrence and detection scores. Then an interpretive structural model (ISM) has been developed to identify and understand the interrelationships among these enablers followed by MICMAC analysis, to classify the risk variables in four quadrants based on their driving and dependency powers.
Findings
The results of this study exhibit that technical failure in the information and technology system, the use of improper equipment, poor maintenance and housekeeping in the internal operations are the major risk drivers. Exposure to live wires and commercial loss in power supply has strong dependence power.
Research limitations/implications
This study is limited to a single power distribution company and not the whole power distribution sector.
Practical implications
This study suggests the managers of the power distribution company develop an initial understanding of the drivers and the dependent powers on the supply chain risks.
Social implications
Through prioritization, identification of drivers and the dependent risks, the losses in the power distribution supply chain can be minimized.
Originality/value
Various failures in the power distribution have been studied in the past, but they have not investigated the supply chain risks in the power distribution of a power distribution company.
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Martin Odening and Jan Hinrichs
This study examines problems that may occur when conventional Value‐at‐Risk (VaR) estimators are used to quantify market risks in an agricultural context. For example, standard…
Abstract
This study examines problems that may occur when conventional Value‐at‐Risk (VaR) estimators are used to quantify market risks in an agricultural context. For example, standard VaR methods, such as the variance‐covariance method or historical simulation, can fail when the return distribution is fat tailed. This problem is aggravated when long‐term VaR forecasts are desired. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is proposed to overcome these problems. The application of EVT is illustrated by an example from the German hog market. Multi‐period VaR forecasts derived by EVT are found to deviate considerably from standard forecasts. We conclude that EVT is a useful complement to traditional VaR methods.
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Rashmi Dyondi, Shishir Kumar Jha and Arunima Haldar
This paper aims to examine the strategic issues of risk for independent theatrical film distributors in the Hindi film industry in India.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine the strategic issues of risk for independent theatrical film distributors in the Hindi film industry in India.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopted qualitative grounded theory approach to explore contextually relevant strategic issues of risk for independent theatrical film distributors. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with Hindi film distributors helped to gain explorative insights about the risk behaviour of film distributors operating in Mumbai “circuit”.
Findings
The findings suggest that risk faced by distributors is a function of product (film content) features, contractual terms, resources such as finance and strength of strategic alliances with the producers. The study develops a business risk model for the film distributors from a series of propositions.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to the literature on motion picture industry by highlighting the importance of distribution risk in the film value chain.
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Actual costs frequently deviate from the estimated costs in either favorable or adverse direction in construction projects. Conventional cost evaluation methods do not take the…
Abstract
Purpose
Actual costs frequently deviate from the estimated costs in either favorable or adverse direction in construction projects. Conventional cost evaluation methods do not take the uncertainty and correlation effects into account. In this regard, a simulation-based cost risk analysis model, the Correlated Cost Risk Analysis Model, previously has been proposed to evaluate the uncertainty effect on construction costs in case of correlated costs and correlated risk-factors. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the detailed evaluation of the Cost Risk Analysis Model through scenario and sensitivity analyses.
Design/methodology/approach
The evaluation process consists of three scenarios with three sensitivity analyses in each and 28 simulations in total. During applications, the model’s important parameter called the mean proportion coefficient is modified and the user-dependent variables like the risk-factor influence degrees are changed to observe the response of the model to these modifications and to examine the indirect, two-sided and qualitative correlation capturing algorithm of the model. Monte Carlo Simulation is also applied on the same data to compare the results.
Findings
The findings have shown that the Correlated Cost Risk Analysis Model is capable of capturing the correlation between the costs and between the risk-factors, and operates in accordance with the theoretical expectancies.
Originality/value
Correlated Cost Risk Analysis Model can be preferred as a reliable and practical method by the professionals of the construction sector thanks to its detailed evaluation introduced in this paper.
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