Search results

The utilisation of softener after laundering of textile became one of the mandatory activities among the consumers. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics of cotton and polyester woven fabric.

The selected cotton and polyester fabrics were treated using three different softeners types and three different numbers of rinsing times, namely 5, 10 and 15. The impact of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the comfort characteristics like absorbency, air permeability, wicking, thermal conductivity and flammability was analysed and the changes in the properties were confirmed using two-way ANOVA.

The number of rinse cycle softener treatment has a significant impact on the absorbency, air permeability and wicking ability of the cotton and polyester fabrics. The thermal conductivity and flammability characteristics of the fabrics mostly altered based on the type of fabric softener used. For all the type of fabric, the burning time reduced after the softener treatment.

The consumer expects the softness and fragrance smell developed by the rinse cycle softener and they intend to use it more frequently after every laundry process to achieve that feel. This repeated the application of softener causes a negative impact on the fabric performances. This research result provides an evidence for the changes in physiological comfort aspects of textiles.

This analysis enlightens the negative impact of the repeated use of commercial fabric softener and their types on the common fabrics used in apparel endues.

The application of rinse cycle softener after the household laundry process has become more common in recent times. This study aims to understand the effect of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the mechanical and frictional properties of the cotton fabric.

Cotton-woven fabric is treated with commercial rinse cycle softener repeatedly for 15 times. After treatment, the fabric was evaluated for the changes in mechanical properties using the Kawabata evaluation system.

The results of this study revealed that the softener treatment reduces the tensile properties (41.25%) and increases the overall extensibility of the fabric up to 20.89%. The shear (34.57%) and bending rigidity of the treated fabric are reduced considerably than the untreated fabric (58.02%). The increment in the fabric softness and fluffiness was confirmed with the increment in the compression and the difference between the initial and final thickness at maximum pressure. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is noted only in the case of bending and surface friction properties (dynamic friction).

The usage of rinse cycle softeners in the household laundry has a significant influence on the comfort characteristics of the cotton-woven fabric. Repeated usage of rinse cycle softener increased the fabric softness and fluffiness of the fabric and also reduced the tensile properties significantly.

John L. Seaton & Co. Ltd. of Bankside, Hull, technical vegetable oil refiners and processors, have opened a new £1m. oxidising, boiling, blending and storage department, replacing the one totally destroyed by fire in 1978.

The pretreatment, electroplating and etching processes used by the PCB industry are unique in comparison with the plating industry generally. This paper deals with the treatment of the various sources of effluent, bearing in mind the stringent and strictly controlled quality standards. This paper also examines the various sources of effluent and the problems they present. The extent to which high purity water is required is discussed, as are the considerations to be made with regard to water recirculation and conservation in general.

This paper aims to study the dimensional characteristics such as fabric density variations, dimensional constant parameters, linear and area dimensional changes and spirality angle variations of 1 × 1 rib knitted structures made from cotton‐spandex core spun yarns, under laundering regimes till 10th washing cycle.

Samples of the above fabrics underwent dry, wet and full relaxation treatments and were subjected to standard atmospheric conditions prior to take the measurements. Washing was done in a front loading machine under normal agitation with machine 56 RPM. Each washing regime includes wash, rinse, spin, tumble dry steps. Washing temperature was set at 40°C and water intake for washing was 30 l and rinsed with cold water. 0.1 g/l standard wetting agent was used. The mass of the load was maintained constant to 3 kg to keep the material ratio as 1:10. Washing regimes were continued till 10th cycle.

Cotton‐spandex rib structures came to a more stable state (minimum energy state) after 10th laundering cycle under the experimental conditions. Cotton did not come to such a state, even after 10th cycle proceeded. ANOVA analysis done under 95 percent confidential level has shown that fabric tightness and relaxation procedures give significant effect on dimensional characteristics of cotton‐spandex and cotton rib structures. However, area shrinkage variations of cotton rib fabrics have shown an exception to this.

According to the dimensional constant values, evenafter 10th washing cycle, cotton rib structures did not come to a stable position. This should be further investigated to achieve a better stable rib knitted structure.

The number of washing cycles can be increased or tumble dry duration can be increased to 120 min. to get a more stable state of cotton rib structures.

The results are important for the knitting industry to predict the dimensional behavior of designed knitted fabric under relaxation. These data can be used to set the circular machine parameters to achieve a more stable fabric after laundering.

Rinsing treatments on copper after etching are investigated by using the adverse effect they have on solderability. The wetting time, as measured by the GEC Meniscograph, is a sensitive indicator of the effect of varying contact times with water (the most obvious way of removing etching residues). Several variables of the water were examined such as dissolved impurities (as indicated by a comparison of demineralised, boiled demineralised and tap‐water) rinsing time in tap water and water temperature. Wetting time is found to rise with all of these and demineralised water is superior to tap water, as might be expected. Very small amounts of acid added to the rinsing solution appear to retard almost completely the contamination effects of the water. All the findings underline how important surface cleanliness is to a successful soldering operation. By corollary it appears that solderability tests (especially the GEC Meniscograph) are very good indicators of extremely low levels of surface contamination.

The aim of this work was to investigate which parameters affect the long‐term performance of coil coated galvanised steel sheet. Therefore, the paint adhesion and corrosion resistance of selected painted pre‐treated galvanised steel substrates were studied. The systems investigated included chromate‐free pre‐treatments and primers. The polymer coated panels were tested by using: T‐bend, combined cross cut and adhesion, prohesion and QUV‐A tests. The surface energy of the painted panels was determined by contact angle measurements and outdoor testing of the panels was also initiated. The test results showed that the primer was the most important parameter for painted metal alloy coated steel, but the long‐term performance of the system also depends on the compatibility of all four layers, i.e. substrate, pre‐treatment, primer and topcoat.

Investigates the adhesion and corrosion performance of selected silanes in primed galvanised steel. For comparison HDG steel was also treated with a chromate‐free and a chromate‐containing pre‐treatment. All treated panels were painted with three different primers. Corrosion resistance and paint adhesion of the primed panels were studied. Surface energy of the panels was measured by the contact angle method and is reported in terms of the Lewis base component. The corrosion resistance of the panels depended on the combination of the silane and the primer. Vinyltrimethoxysilane (VS) and γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ‐APS) treatments improved the corrosion resistance of polyurethane primed panels. γ‐ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ‐UPS) and VS treatments improved the performance of polyester primed panels. A relationship between the base components and the prohesion test results of γ‐UPS and γ‐APS treated panels was found, which indicates that acid‐base interactions improve the adhesion between these two silanes and the primers. γ‐UPS and γ‐APS treated panels also achieved excellent results in the humidity test with all three polymer coatings.

Mixed SnCl2/PdCl2 catalyst solutions are often used to catalyse the board surface prior to metallising by electroless deposition. An accelerator is also required in the catalysing sequence in order to boost the catalytic activity of the surface. Skip plating is a prime source of unreliability and can often be traced to low catalytic activity. Processing variables directly affecting catalytic activity are discussed. These include surface roughness, type of accelerator employed and its operating conditions, and the efficiency of rinsing as well as the composition of the catalyst solution. The mechanism of catalysis is also discussed, involving theories of the colloidal and complex nature of the catalyst solution.

Many articles have been written on the chemistry of phosphate pretreatment processes and the subject has been well documented. The aim of this article is to cover the practical application of phosphate pretreatments prior to wet paint and powder coat finishing.