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The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the most recent (or emerging) trends likely to have a major impact in shaping the future of tourism in Europe.

The methodology of this paper involved in-depth literature review of European Union policies, initiatives and programs. Also, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key individuals/organisations, mainly at a European level, but also including pertinent global and national tourism organisations. Moreover, an online survey was also conducted and circulated to a wide range of organisations from all 28 EU Member States. Nvivo was used to analyse the documents as well as to conduct a content and thematic analysis of the interviews.

This paper identifies five trends associated with the future of tourism in Europe. Those main trends are: evolving visitor demand; marketing; stakeholders and tourism governance; new technologies; and sustainable and responsible tourism.

This trends paper provides five useful recommendations for the future of tourism in Europe, including: sustainable tourism development, investment in technology, effective tourism governance, enhance Europe's overall destination brand and marketing strategy, and the need for new skills and training.

Current practice when specifying and developing manufacturing software leads to enterprise systems that are difficult to change. With the purpose of improving current practice a model‐driven, component‐based approach to engineering change capable manufacturing systems is described. Application of the approach is supported by a number of proof‐of‐concept system design and construction environments. Each environment organises the use of modelling tools that function to formally capture and apply the results of systems engineering activities carried out by members of project teams. In this way the development of multi‐perspective enterprise (enterprise: a group of organisations sharing a set of goals and objectives to offer products, services or both (ISO 14258)) models is enabled in a computer executable form and means are provided to reconfigure manufacturing systems by using the models to change the way that system components interoperate. Collectively the proof‐of‐concept environments have demonstrated a capability to engineer a variety of types of manufacturing system and by so doing implement a system structure that accommodates rather than inhibits subsequent change, even where that change is of an unforeseen nature.

Airplanes themselves seem to start up, take off, fly and land in much the same sort of way whether the people around are speaking English, American (—a totally different language—), French, German, Dutch, or what have you. But the Law in each of those countries and many others around the world can take a peculiarly different view of the same set of circumstances. If the maintenance is OK, and the thing goes up and comes down, the Law is unlikely to be too troubled by how it did it. The probability is that if maintenance done in one country causes an accident or contributes to an accident in another country, someone is going to have to put a thinking‐cap on and start looking into the whys and wherefores. For example, if you order your transportation in Spain and call for ‘burro’, you will get a donkey. Whereas if you order your transportation in Italy and call for ‘burro’, you will get butter—perhaps they will expect you to slide on it.

More than 100 engineers and researchers from industry and from government and academic laboratories met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in September at the Fourth World Conference on Robotics Research, sponsored by Robotics International of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers.

Permalite technical sales representative for the South. Paul Hagan has been appointed by Permalite as an additional technical sales representative for their metal finishing chemicals and processes for the South of England.

Over 80 companies from throughout Europe and from the USA are already exhibitor‐listed in “Airmec News”, the preview for the biennial International Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Exhibition & Conference, which return to the Zuspa Halls, Zurich, from 10–13 February 1981. This preliminary list alone clearly indicates the comprehensive nature of developments in the facilities, services and support equipment employed in the maintenance of civil and military aircraft. It includes not only the repair, overhaul, maintenance and testing of airframes, engines, avionics and other equipment, but also the refurbishing of interiors, maintenance planning and management techniques and other innovative aids to efficiency and economy.

Referring to the attempts of various local authorities to obtain the services of Public Analysts for inadequate rates of payment, “The Lancet,” in 1912, pointed out that the remuneration of the public analyst has seldom been upon a scale consistent with the training, skill, and experience which are required of him, but in as much as the practice of adulteration has become such a refinement, requiring a very elaborate series of operations for its detection, the remuneration is wholly inadequate. We agree with the “Lancet's” statement that modern methods of adulteration are often the product of a subtle scientific mind which discreditably turns its attention to the possibilities of eluding the control provided by the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts over the purity and quality of food, drugs and drink. No analyst nowadays, if he is an honest man, dare certify that a sample of any kind is genuine without making a number of often complicated investigations. The average payment for analysis is certainly a most unfair remuneration for the high qualifications now required for the post. We also fully agree with the “Lancet's” statements that the public analyst's work now is of the highest scientific order; it must be done by a competent and conscientious man, otherwise the administration of the food laws must soon fall into disrepute. Slovenly practice must be impossible if discredit of the public analytical service is to be prevented. And there should be no temptation in the shape of totally inadequate pay to shirk the carrying out of a duty in a thorough and effective manner. The machinery which guards the purity and quality of our food‐supply must be efficient, and it is impossible to purchase efficiency at rates which are so low as to give no recompense for training, skill and responsibility. The analyst is often required to provide and maintain a laboratory himself, together with such apparatus, chemicals, and assistance “as are necessary to enable him adequately and completely to execute the duties of the office.” At the present time the payments made in a great many instances cannot possibly meet the expenses of the ‘apparatus, chemicals and assistance’ required. The living wage is left entirely out of the proposition, and such a policy must sooner or later bring discredit upon a very important department of the public service.

There is a puzzle at the heart of the history of the English criminal trial. Defendants accused of serious crimes were denied counsel, but not defendants accused of minor crimes. Why? Sir William Blackstone could find no explanation and denounced the rule as contrary to the “face of reason.” This article proffers an answer. The rule is traced to the thirteenth century and a strong view of the royal prerogative. Royal interests were at stake, and counsel would not be permitted against the king acting ex officio. The rule seems to have been distinctly English; it does not appear to have been transplanted from the Roman-canon law. The rule continued in England, bolstered by new justifications, long after its original rationale had been forgotten.

For six years UK Government and industry funding has supported two Loughborough University research teams working in areas related to assembly systems. Much of the funding is from the Science and Engineering Research Council's ACME (Application of Computers in Manufacturing Engineering) Directorate. A large part of the effort has focused on producing integrated assembly systems, using two approaches:

HOW old is old? If it were not that there were, at least for practical purposes, no English farming books before the age of printing, that question would intrigue me vastly— because I should not know how to begin writing this essay. Fortunately, however, any scruples I may have are removed by a matter of fact. The first English farming book was published in the third decade of the 16th century. It was Fitzherbert's Boke of Husbandry, issued in 1523.