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Market presence, quality and costs are primarily decided during product development – improved in the last 15 years by the implementation of basic concurrent engineering and now further extended by enhanced quality function deployment (EQFD). Another key improvement is extended reusability, which enables greater product variety, while staying higher on learning curves. Reusability is best planned and managed by using a reusability matrix which is responsive to the voices of the customers and fully integrated into the total development process. Outlines the integration of the reusability planning and the required interface management into EQFD, and thus the integration into total quality development.

Proposes to evaluate 5/99 content for reusability as learning objects.

Presents the criteria developed specifically for this particular set of content, and the process by which they were developed. Some data are given on how the projects fared in the evaluation.

In 2001 a JISC study gathered data about 27 of its 5/99 projects, mapping content categories and approaches to reusability, metadata and interoperability. A total of 18 were chosen for evaluation, based on availability of content, and coverage of content categories. Appropriate reusability evaluation criteria were developed specifically for the study in four areas: aggregation level; reusability; subject specificity; and vertical reusability. The projects showed high levels of awareness of, and willingness to plan for, reusability and interoperability. Planning from the start for developing reusable resources is imperative, if the potential of learning technology for sharing resources is to be fulfilled.

This paper is useful for those planning to use 5/99 content.

The purpose of this study is to examine the information needs of earth and environmental scientists regarding how they determine data reusability and relevance. Additionally, this study provides strategies for the development of data collections and recommendations for data management and curation for information professionals working alongside researchers.

This study uses a multi-phase mixed-method approach. The test environment is the DataONE data repository. Phase 1 includes a qualitative and quantitative content analysis of deposited data. Phase 2 consists of a quasi-experiment think-aloud study. This paper reports mainly on Phase 2.

This study identifies earth and environmental scientists’ information needs to determine data reusability. The findings include a need for information regarding research methods, instruments and data descriptions when determining data reusability, as well as a restructuring of data abstracts. Additional findings include reorganizing of the data record layout and data citation information.

While this study was limited to earth and environmental science data, the findings provide feedback for scientists in other disciplines, as earth and environmental science is a highly interdisciplinary scientific domain that pulls from many disciplines, including biology, ecology and geology, and additionally there has been a significant increase in interdisciplinary research in many scientific fields.

The practical implications include concrete feedback to data librarians, data curators and repository managers, as well as other information professionals as to the information needs of scientists reusing data. The suggestions could be implemented to improve consultative practices when working alongside scientists regarding data deposition and data creation. These suggestions could improve policies for data repositories through direct feedback from scientists. These suggestions could be implemented to improve how data repositories are created and what should be considered mandatory information and secondary information to improve the reusability of data.

By examining the information needs of earth and environmental scientists reusing data, this study provides feedback that could change current practices in data deposition, which ultimately could improve the potentiality of data reuse.

While there has been research conducted on data sharing and reuse, this study provides more detailed granularity regarding what information is needed to determine reusability. This study sets itself apart by not focusing on social motivators and demotivators, but by focusing on information provided in a data record.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of a novel test instrument to quantify the eco‐functional properties of various shopping bags. One of the main properties, which lies at the interface of both ecological and functional properties, is the reusability of shopping bags. Other properties at this juncture also include the impact strength and weight holding capacity of a shopping bag.

The developed tester can be used to assess these three properties (reusability, impact strength and weight holding capacity) of any type of shopping bag. This study discusses the concept and development of an eco‐functional tester for shopping bags. It also reports test results of the reusability, impact strength and weight holding capacity of different types of shopping bags. Reusability and impact strength are expressed by two variants: absolute maximum capability and comparative maximum capability.

According to the test results, plastic bags outscore paper bags in the single use category and woven bags top the reusable bags category.

To date, there is no scientific instrument reported in the literature that quantifies the reusability of different shopping bags. The value of reusability can be directly utilized for LCA calculations. Other functions derived from this instrument are equally important, since they decide the useful life time of shopping bag and they assist the LCA practitioner to decide the functional unit of the study. This unit is the base of any LCA study and upon it comparisons are made.

In a circular economy, the goal is to keep materials values in the economy for as long as possible. For the construction industry to support the goal of the circular economy, there is the need for materials reuse. However, there is little or no information about the amount and quality of reusable materials obtainable when buildings are deconstructed. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to develop a reusability analytics tool for assessing end-of-life status of building materials.

A review of the extant literature was carried out to identify the best approach to modelling end-of-life reusability assessment tool. The reliability analysis principle and materials properties were used to develop the predictive mathematical model for assessing building materials performance. The model was tested using the case study of a building design and materials take-off quantities as specified in the bill of quantity of the building design.

The results of analytics show that the quality of the building materials varies with the building component. For example, from the case study, at the 80th year of the building, the qualities of the obtainable concrete from the building are 0.9865, 0.9835, 0.9728 and 0.9799, respectively, from the foundation, first floor, frame and stair components of the building.

As a contribution to the concept of circular economy in the built environment, the tool provides a foundation for estimating the quality of obtainable building materials at the end-of-life based on the life expectancy of the building materials.

Despite the importance of emotional variables in shaping individuals' consumption behavior, nature-love still needs to be addressed concerning various aspects of sustainable consumption behavior (SCB). Considering the dimensions of nature-love, this study aims to investigate the effect of passion-for-nature, intimacy-with-nature and commitment-to-nature on SCB. Furthermore, this study aims to incorporate the construal levels of psychological distance (PD) as a moderating variable between the tested variables to add a more in-depth understanding.

Data was collected from a sample of 311 individuals from Egypt using the snowball sampling method and the ten-time rule technique. The data was analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).

The findings indicate that passion-for-nature and intimacy-with-nature have a significant positive effect on green purchasing, reusability and recycling. On the other hand, commitment-to-nature has a significant positive effect on both green purchasing and reusability. Additionally, a high PD acts as a moderator between the relationships tested. The findings have been discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to integrate PD as a moderator between the relationships tested. Additionally, this paper is the first empirical research investigating these relationships in developing economies.

Proposes a conceptual model for understanding the various “front” and “back” regions involved in Web‐based educational practices. In the process, a framework emerges for thinking about the relationship between reusability as a goal and the pedagogical representations involved in effective teaching and learning. It is proposed that a digraph‐based representational tool may be a useful way forward and a recent US patent is referred to as an example. The “autonomous reframing model” described is then related to other issues in contemporary debates about educational technology – in particular, the theory of affordance, the decision cycle model of interactivity and the need for “calm” technology.

The purpose of this paper is to explore effective incentive design that can address the information asymmetry in knowledge sharing processes and variability of the intangible nature of knowledge.

A principal‐agent model is first developed to formulate the asymmetry of information in knowledge sharing. Then, a set of optimal incentive solutions are derived from the principal‐agent model for knowledge types with specific levels of intangibility.

For knowledge with low level of intangibility (e.g. data), a target payment scheme is optimal. For knowledge with medium level of intangibility (e.g. expressible tacit knowledge), the optimal incentive solution is a function of management's ability to infer employees' effort from knowledge sharing results. For knowledge with high level of intangibility (e.g. inexpressible tacit knowledge), there is no payment scheme that can be derived from the principal‐agent model to encourage employees to share knowledge.

The principal‐agent model developed by this study complements the previous game theoretic models and market mechanisms in incentive design. The applicability of the findings can be improved by further empirical analysis.

There is no one‐size‐fits‐all incentive solution. The better the management can infer the effort level of employees from the reusability of the shared knowledge, the more effective the incentive schemes are. Knowledge management technologies can facilitate the application of the incentive design.

This paper explicitly addresses the problem of information asymmetry in incentive design. It aligns a schedule of incentive schemes with the classification of knowledge based on intangibility. The schedule of incentive schemes leads to better understanding of the value of technologies in supporting knowledge sharing activities.

Unrefined vegetable oils contain triglycerides and free fatty acids as the main ingredient, but besides, they contain waxes, phospholipids, tocopherols, β-carotene, chlorophyll and other trace amounts depending on the type of oil. Most undesirable substances such as residues, free fatty acids and phospholipids are separated in the neutralization process of the oil refining. As a pigment, β carotene is separated by the bleaching earth (BE) in the bleaching process. The BE is disposed of as waste after the bleaching process. In this study, waste BE, which is allocated for disposal, has become reusable.

For this purpose, the oil is separated from the BE by solvent extraction under room conditions. AOCS Ba 3-38, TS EN ISO 734, ISO 15305 and TS 324 standard methods were used.

As a result of the analysis, it was found that 1% of oil remained in the recovered BE. The recovered BE containing 1% oil was carbonized at 550^oC for 1 and 2 h. The BE obtained after this process was used in the bleaching process at a rate of 1%. Reuse attempts were repeated seven times, colour-opening capacities were measured and BET analyses were performed to establish a relationship between surface area-discolouration capacity and reusability.

This study demonstrates that recovery of waste BE can be performed and if this reusability considers in the industrial scale, it will save on oil refining costs and reduce waste.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of different shape memory polymer based snap‐fits in terms of disassembly time and reusability.

In total, six different sets of snap‐fits were designed and manufactured. Each set of snap‐fits was tested ten times in a testing device for disassembly time. The stress caused by training process is simulated and analyzed.

One of the designs shows shortest average disassembly time, lowest standard deviation, and lowest stress. However, the overall reusability of the snap‐fits is not good enough for industrial use.

The paper tests the Veritex shape memory polymer sheets manufactured by CRG Industries LLC. The reusability has been analyzed based on the stress caused by the training process.