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This paper gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs) applied to the analysis of ceramics and glass materials. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subject that were published between 1977‐1998. The following topics are included: ceramics – material and mechanical properties in general, ceramic coatings and joining problems, ceramic composites, ferrites, piezoceramics, ceramic tools and machining, material processing simulations, fracture mechanics and damage, applications of ceramic/composites in engineering; glass – material and mechanical properties in general, glass fiber composites, material processing simulations, fracture mechanics and damage, and applications of glasses in engineering.

The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical framework for predicting the residual stresses that result from the laser shock peening of a friction stir‐welded 2195 aluminum alloy sample, using the finite element software LS‐DYNA.

The pressures resulting from the laser peening are directly applied in an explicit transient analysis as forces. At the completion of the transient analysis, an implicit springback analysis is performed to determine the final residual stresses. This cycle is repeated for the appropriate number of peen applications, including the appropriate overlap of application areas. To validate the analytical framework, a comparison of residual stresses between analysis and a test specimen is made using laser‐peened base material which was not friction stir‐welded. Friction stir welding (FSW) causes residual stresses and material property variations. In this work, the varying material properties regions are simplified and defined as discrete, separate materials. The residual stresses resulting from the welding are introduced directly as initial conditions in the peening transient analysis and so are combined within the analysis with the residual stresses from the peening.

Comparisons made between the experimental and analytical residual stresses are generally favorable.

Analysis of the laser shock peening of FSW has not been accomplished previously.

Analysis of the thermal effects during the packaging process or in the actual operating environment is necessary to develop small monolithic integrated sensing chips with heterogeneous integration. The use of multiple layers and various materials in monolithic integrated sensing chips addresses the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch issue. The purpose of this study is to focus on the residual stress analysis of the shielding electrode, which is a metal film that prevents pull-in of proof-mass during anodic bonding in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) chips with pressure sensors embedded in an accelerometer.

The finite element model of the chip was built by the commercial software ANSYS, and the residual stress was evaluated during the die attachment process for the shielding electrode. Various shielding electrode materials and a proposed design with a keep-out zone to reduce the residual stress are discussed, with a focus on the relationship between the geometric parameters of the chip and the residual stress for copper shielding electrodes of different thicknesses.

The results of the finite element analysis showed that the use of polysilicon as a shielding electrode in the proposed design generated the lowest residual stress because of its low CTE. The maximum stresses in both of in-plane and out-of-plane directions in the finite element model were reduced by keep-out zone design for the proposed design of the copper shielding electrode, and had 11 times reduction in out-of-plane direction especially, according to the nonlinear analysis as the stress concentration point in the shielding electrode moved. Moreover, the design with a thinner shielding electrode, thinner glass substrate and higher CTE of the glass substrate also lowered the maximum von Mises stress. On the other hand, the stress level during the operating temperature, without considering residual stress, overestimated up to five times in the proposed design.

In this study, valuable suggestions are proposed for the design of chips with pressure sensors embedded in accelerometers.

Gas pipelines are facing serious risk because of the factors such as long service life, complex working condition and most importantly, corrosion. As one of the main failure reasons of gas pipeline, corrosion poses a great threat to its stable operation. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the reliability of gas pipelines with corrosion defect. This paper uses the corresponding methods to predict the residual strength and residual life of pipelines.

In this paper, ASME-B31G revised criteria and finite element numerical analysis software are used to analyze the reliability of a special dangerous section of a gas gathering pipeline, and the failure pressure and stress concentration of the pipeline under three failure criteria are obtained. Furthermore, combined with the predicted corrosion rate of the pipeline, the residual service life of the pipeline is calculated.

This paper verifies the feasibility of ASME-B31G revised criteria and finite element numerical analysis methods for reliability analysis of gas pipelines with corrosion defect. According to the calculation results, the maximum safe internal pressure of the pipeline is 9.53 Mpa, and the residual life of the pipeline under the current operating pressure is 38.41 years, meeting the requirements of safe and reliable operation.

The analysis methods and analysis results provide reference basis for the reliability analysis of corroded pipelines, which is of great practical engineering value for the safe and stable operation of natural gas pipelines.

The purpose is to predict the distribution of the residual pretightening force of the bolt group under the action of any initial pretightening force, and to achieve the final residual pretightening force as the target to solve the initial pretightening force value to be applied.

Based on the finite element method and the elastic interaction theory between bolt group, this paper establishes a prediction model for the residual pretightening force distribution of bolt group for one-step pretightening and multi-step pretightening of gasketless flange connection systems. In addition, using the general modeling method given in this paper, the prediction model of residual pretightening force of long plate bolt connection system is established, and compared with reference, which fully proves the effectiveness and universality of the general prediction model of residual pretightening force of bolt group.

The appropriate pretightening sequence, increasing the number of pretightening steps and variable amplitude loading can effectively reduce the influence of elastic interaction and improve the uniformity of residual pretightening force of the bolt group. And the selection of material, number of bolts and connected thickness of bolt connection system also has a great influence on the distribution of residual pretightening force of bolt groups.

The general prediction model for the residual pretightening force of bolt group of connecting structural components considering elastic interaction given in this paper can provide a reference for the design and optimization of the bolt assembly process of the rotor system and the casing system in aero-engine and the prediction of the performance of the connecting system.

High residual stress caused by the high temperature gradient brings undesired effects such as shrinkage and cracking in selective laser melting (SLM). The purpose of this study is to predict the residual stress distribution and the effect of process parameters on the residual stress of selective laser melted (SLMed) Inconel 718 thin-walled part.

A three-dimensional (3D) indirect sequentially coupled thermal–mechanical finite element model was developed to predict the residual stress distribution of SLMed Inconel 718 thin-walled part. The material properties dependent on temperature were taken into account in both thermal and mechanical analyses, and the thermal elastic–plastic behavior of the material was also considered.

The residual stress changes from compressive stress to tensile stress along the deposition direction, and the residual stress increases with the deposition height. The maximum stress occurs at both ends of the interface between the part and substrate, while the second largest stress occurs near the top center of the part. The residual stress increases with the laser power, with the maximum equivalent stress increasing by 21.79 per cent as the laser power increases from 250 to 450 W. The residual stress decreases with an increase in scan speed with a reduction in the maximum equivalent stress of 13.67 per cent, as the scan speed increases from 500 to 1,000 mm/s. The residual stress decreases with an increase in layer thickness, and the maximum equivalent stress reduces by 33.12 per cent as the layer thickness increases from 20 to 60µm.

The residual stress distribution and effect of process parameters on the residual stress of SLMed Inconel 718 thin-walled part are investigated in detail. This study provides a better understanding of the residual stress in SLM and constructive guidance for process parameters optimization.

Although the actual residual stress distribution in any structural steel member can be only obtained by experimental measurements, it is known to be a difficult, tedious and inefficient piece of work with limited accuracy. Thus, besides aiming at clarifying structural designers and researchers about the possible ways of modelling residual stresses when performing finite element analysis (FEA), the purpose of this paper is to provide an effective literature review of the longitudinal membrane residual stress analytical expressions for carbon steel non-heavy sections, covering a vast range of structural shapes (plates, I, H, L, T, cruciform, SHS, RHS and LSB) and fabrication processes (hot-rolling, welding and cold-forming).

This is a literature review.

Those residual stresses are those often required as input of numerical analyses, since the other types are approximately accounted for through the s-e curves of coupons cut from member walls.

One of the most challenging aspects in FEA aimed to simulate the real behaviour of steel members, is the modelling of residual stresses.

Besides aiming at clarifying structural designers and researchers about the possible ways of modelling residual stresses when performing FEA, this paper also provides an effective literature review of the longitudinal membrane residual stress analytical expressions for carbon steel non-heavy sections, covering a vast range of structural shapes (plates, I, H, L, T, cruciform, SHS, RHS and LSB) and fabrication processes (hot-rolling, welding and cold-forming).

The purpose of this paper is to integrate land use and option pricing theories using case study analyses to compare a portfolio of uses comprising single and mixed‐use development on the same site and assess the effects on the risk‐return profile of potential development schemes. The integration of land use development based on highest and best use (HBU) is tested against a combination of uses on the selected sites at a point in time in the downswing of the real estate cycle.

The proposed methodology integrates the development valuation approach with option theory in which both consider the relationships of cost and value associated with alternative development options. The approach used in this paper addresses the broader consideration of project coordination inclusive of land use flexibility and opportunity costs endogenously associated with development strategies. By investigating the uncertainty of economic options specific to the development process, the methodology considers the significance of complementary components of strategic decisions and entrepreneurial effort within a return/risk management strategy.

The stochastic model when compared to the real option model enhances strategic decisions and development project management by allowing the consideration of single/mixed‐use alternatives. The development process is facilitated by the research findings whereby alternative uses are tested to maximise the potential use of the site. The analyses consider optimal funding strategies in developing and investing for a range of use options on regeneration sites.

The significant insights apparent from the research is the quantification of the strategic specification of development as a productive process and an investment endeavour. The proposed model enables a comparison of a HBU based on a single development, a mixed‐use development or a combination of uses as the difference between the scenarios impacts on land value and profit measures, especially where these measures are calculated as distributive residuals.

The stochastic model developed in this paper provides a value‐added contribution to real estate literature by considering the complexity of the interrelationships between urban land economics, land use theory, valuation appraisal methodologies, portfolio analysis and option pricing as applied in the development of regeneration schemes.

The laser nitriding process is involved with high temperature heating and high cooling rates. This, in turn, results in high levels of thermal stresses in the heated region. Moreover, the residual stress in the heated region remains high after the completion of the heating process, which limits the application of the laser nitriding process. The purpose of this paper is to investigate thermal stresses development and residual stress levels in the nitrided region.

The microstructural changes and residual stress development in the laser gas‐assisted nitrided zone are examined. Finite element modeling is carried out to predict temperature and stress fields in the laser nitrided layer. The indentation tests and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique are used to determine the residual stress levels while previously derived analytical formula is used to predict the residual stress levels in the nitrided region.

The residual stress predicted attains values within 230 MPa, which remains almost uniform in the nitrided layer, except in the surface region. In this case, residual stress reduces slightly due to the low temperature gradient developed in this region and the unconstrained expansion of the free surface. When comparing the residual stress predicted with the measurement results as obtained from the XRD technique as well as the indentation tests, all the results are in reasonably good agreement. The small discrepancies between the experimental data and predictions are attributed to the assumptions made in the model study and the measurement errors.

The depth of nitrided layer is limited 60 μm. This limits the applicability of the coating for high wearing rates.

The nitrided surface improves the surface properties of steel, which can be used in industry more efficiently.

The paper describes an original model study on stress formation, an experiment for surface characterization and estimation of residual stress formation and contains new findings.

Mechanical properties such as tensile, yield, impact strengths, and development of residual stresses play an important role intooling applications. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of layer thickness – one of the influential process parameters in stereolithography (SL) process, on mechanical properties of SL components.

Test specimens are constructed as per the ASTM standards for different layer thicknesses in SL 5000 machine, using epoxy resin CIBA tool ^® SL5530, a high temperature resistant SL material that is suitable for rapid tooling applications. Tensile, yield and impact tests are carried out with suitable equipments. Residual stress is analysed using hole drill method.

The analysis reveals that when the layer thickness is smaller, the strength of the part is higher.

Conclusion of this research is drawn based on the analysis of the most widely used three layer thicknesses of 100, 125 and 150 μm. X‐ray diffraction or molecular resonance analysis may be useful to understand the reason for the variation in mechanical properties.

This experimental study provides the useful information to the SL machine users in the selection of layer thickness to manufacture rapid tools.