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This paper aims to investigate how blockchain has moved beyond cryptocurrencies and is being deployed to enhance visibility and trust in supply chains, their limitations and potential impact.

Qualitative analysis are undertaken via case studies drawn from food companies using semi-structured interviews.

Blockchain is demonstrated as an enabler of visibility in supply chains. Applications at scale are most likely for products where the end consumer is prepared to pay the premium currently required to fund the technology, e.g. baby food. Challenges remain in four areas: trust of the technology, human error and fraud at the boundaries, governance, consumer data access and willingness to pay.

The paper shows that blockchain can be utilised as part of a system generating visibility and trust in supply chains. Research directs academic attention to issues that remain to be addressed. The challenges pertaining to the technology itself we believe to be generalisable; those specific to the food industry may not hold elsewhere.

From live case studies, we provide empirical evidence that blockchain provides visibility of exchanges and reliable data in fully digitised supply chains. This provides provenance and guards against counterfeit goods. However, firms will need to work to gain consumer buy-in for the technology following repeated past claims of trustworthiness.

This paper provides primary evidence from blockchain use cases “in the wild”. The exploratory case studies examine application of blockchain for supply chain visibility.

Investigates some of the programs available for checking that links within web pages are still valid. Each individual program is discussed detailing features, cost and technical requirements. A section on features allows the reader to locate programs for specific functions, recommendations are provided for the best programs to use.

Being a good employer is no longer enough, you must also be perceived to be a good employer. This means communicating effectively to a range of key stakeholders. Simon Hepburn explains why managing employer reputation should be a business priority and outlines steps you can take to ensure your reputation is ahead of the rest.

This study examines how extracurricular activity experiences affect students’ leadership development outcomes. Students’ leadership development outcomes are analyzed depend on general characteristics and collegiate/pre-collegiate experiences of extracurricular activities. The correlation to the individual, group, and community values of leadership development was analyzed. The study utilized the Social Change Model and Socially Responsible Leadership Scale (SRLS-R2). Data was analyzed from college students (N=706) using quantitative methodology. The results indicated students who participated in extracurricular activities while in college and high school scored relatively higher in each individual, group, and community value (p<.05). Gender and class level were significantly associated with student leadership development. Specifically, women had relatively higher leadership development than men in congruence, commitment, and citizenship. Also, senior students scored higher than sophomores in individual and community values, showing significant differences. This study guides educational leaders to amplify student participation opportunities that positively affect their leadership development. Educators should consider multifaceted approaches to enhance students’ leadership and a substantively deeper understanding of the latent benefits and patterns of student involvement in extracurricular activities.

Research on college student leadership is evolving, with more scholars studying the influence of social identities on the development of student leaders. The evolving literature includes research on how race influences the leadership identity development of college students, which can support their retention and graduation from postsecondary institutions. Gaps exist in the literature on how the definitions of leaders and leadership influences leadership identity development for many social identities in numerous institutional contexts, including for Latino men. Using a case study methodology, we studied the how definitions of leaders and leadership influenced the leadership identity development of Latino men and how that influenced their placement in the LID model (Komives et al., 2005). Thirteen Latino men in the Southeastern U.S. were interviewed. Participants’ definitions and perspectives of leaders and leadership placed them all in the Leader Identified stage of the LID model. Implications for leadership educators regarding practice and research are provided.

It was not until the late 1960s that housing attracted much attention from academic social scientists. Since that time the literature has expanded widely and diversified, establishing housing with a specialised status in economics, sociology, politics, and in related subjects. As we would expect, the new literature covers a technical, statistical, theoretical, ideological, and historical range. Housing studies have not been conceived and interpreted in a monolithic way, with generally accepted concepts and principles, or with uniformly fixed and precise methodological approaches. Instead, some studies have been derived selectively from diverse bases in conventional theories in economics or sociology, or politics. Others have their origins in less conventional social theory, including neo‐Marxist theory which has had a wider intellectual following in the modern democracies since the mid‐1970s. With all this diversity, and in a context where ideological positions compete, housing studies have consequently left in their wake some significant controversies and some gaps in evaluative perspective. In short, the new housing intellectuals have written from personal commitments to particular cognitive, theoretical, ideological, and national positions and experiences. This present piece of writing takes up the two main themes which have emerged in the recent literature. These themes are first, questions relating to building and developing housing theory, and, second, the issue of how we are to conceptualise housing and relate it to policy studies. We shall be arguing that the two themes are closely related: in order to create a useful housing theory we must have awareness and understanding of housing practice and the nature of housing.

Too many organizational change projects fail because they fail to address the people aspect. Employees don’t buy in to the changed organization and performance suffers as a result. Here, Bill McCarthy of human capital consultants Penna, addresses six common reasons why organizational change fails and suggests an approach that focuses on people within a “before, during and after” timeframe.

Although youth leadership has been well described within the literature, the dearth of theoretically derived models that specifically reflect ethics and comprehensive nature of youth development still remains. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the existing youth leadership research and theories of personality development to propose a model of youth leadership. The resulting model includes 5 major interconnected components, such as cognitive, socio-emotional, motivational, behavioral, and ethical. As part of the model, ethics is suggested as a core of youth leadership and its development. The model can be used to inform planning of contextually reflective leadership education, specific curriculum and developmental interventions.

This study compared characterizations of successful leaders held by students enrolled in a college level leadership education program to those of students who did not participate in the program. Participants consisted of students from the following groups: graduating seniors who completed the leadership program, students enrolled in the first course of the program, and students who never enrolled in leadership courses. Each participant rated a “successful leader” on descriptors from Duehr & Bono’s (2006) Revised Descriptive Index. Scoring of these descriptors resulted in five leadership dimensions: agentic, communal, task-oriented, relationship-oriented, and transformational. Analyses compared these dimension ratings across the three groups of participants. Results revealed that non-leadership students ascribed significantly higher levels of agentic and task-oriented characteristics to successful leaders than both beginning and graduating leadership students. Non-leadership students also ascribed significantly lower levels of communal characteristics to successful leaders than graduating leadership students. Results showed no significant differences between the three groups of students in relationship-oriented or transformational characteristics ascribed to successful leaders. These finding have implications for leadership education.

IN order to discuss the manner in which colloidal graphite aids lubrication it is necessary to consider a piece of metal, the surface of which has been recently finished by some machining process. A material is only held together by reason of the attraction that the atoms of which the material is composed have for each other. In the body of the material each atom is surrounded by several other atoms to which it is attracted, but it cannot move under the influence of these attractions, because they balance. The atom at the surface of metal, however, has attracting atoms on the material side only; consequently there is a tendency for such an atom to be pulled inwards. The state of stress produced in this way is known as surface tension. This explanation could perhaps be better followed by picturing the atomic structure of a material in which two atoms only go to form the molecule, as in salt, where each atom of chlorine has its corresponding or companion atom of sodium, as pictured in Fig. 1.