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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the legal and institutional frameworks for, and the challenges to the payment of the reprographic fees in Ghana.

A qualitative research approach was employed to address the objectives of the study. This involved focus group discussion sessions with twelve purposively sampled postgraduate students (six each from the private and public institutions) and the five Technical Committee members of CopyGhana; and qualitative interview sessions with the head librarians of four academic universities (two private and two public).

This study shows that CopyGhana derives its existence from Copyright Act 2005, (Act 690) section 49, and Copyright Regulations (L.I. 1962) 2010, sub-regulation 18. Copyright Regulations (L.I. 1962), 2010, sub-regulation 18 mandates CopyGhana to identify all the outfits that engage in photocopying for immediate licensing, and to protect the economic rights of foreign rightsholders within the jurisdiction of Ghana. Though students and library staff generally agree to the payment of the reprographic fees (the students however want to see it legally insulated against possible future arbitrary increases), the position of university authorities possesses a big challenge to its implementation.

The paper evaluated the legal and institutional frameworks for the payment of the reprographic fees, and the challenges in its implementation, and proposes that CopyGhana may have to activate its legal right to sue in order to overcome the challenges posed by university authorities, as is being done in other jurisdictions.

This paper seeks to provide an overview of industrial information programs in Korea and to describe the databases, service contexts, document supply services and issues in the field.

Presents the current status, practical issues and vision for the development and access to industrial information programs. Focuses on the external drivers of change and the strategic issues, in particular for industrial information and document supply services.

Recognizes the problem of access, the need for a long‐term strategy and cooperation, an effective document supply service and makes proposals for the future of industrial information programs in Korea.

Offers a practical source of information and issues. Advises any organization to design an extensible, collaborative and integrated industrial information program.

Reports on market research undertaken to ascertain the size and scope of the British Library′s photographic services′ market. Describes the methodology of the research and the information obtained. Will be of use to other large libraries offering photographic (as opposed to simply reprographic) services. Concludes by discussing the future development of the service.

IFRRO is the central forum for information exchange and mutual action for organisations concerned with reproduction rights for copyright materials. More than 45 national and international organisations from 19 countries participate.

With developments throughout the world, including the recent publication of the Report of the Register of Copyright in the USA on photocopying in libraries, a general overview of copyright as it relates to reprographic reproduction and interlending is appropriate. The European Community is in many ways a microcosm of the international scene as it brings together Continental Roman, Anglo‐Saxon and Scandinavian legal concepts. Whereas Belgium and France take a narrow view of copyright, in the Netherlands this has been broadened by the use of collecting societies, and in the UK the ‘fair dealing’ concept allows a certain latitude to librarians. The impact of British legislation is important because of its influence on many Third World and Commonwealth countries. British law is in the process of being scrutinized for revision. The economic problems associated with copyright are also important in the EC because of non‐discrimination clauses in the Treaty of Rome. In Scandinavia there is a general move towards fair dealing but licensing for multiple copying. In Canada legislation is in dire need of revision, the existing Act dating from 1921. Numerous studies and an attempt to define fair dealing have not yet led to legislation. In the USA the Copyright Amendment Act, which came into force in 1978, has just been reviewed and suggestions made that legislation should be further tightened and libraries and publishers enter into licensing arrangements. A series of legal disputes have further complicated the issue, including a judgement that suppliers of equipment used for infringement are liable for that infringement. In Australia the trend has been towards a more liberal approach to photocopying, which allows reasonable copying, including multiple copying for education, with compensation to the copyright owner where appropriate. The extent of fair dealing is defined in law. New Zealand has legislation based on the British law but with less strict regulations for declarations on the use of copies made. In the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe reproduction without compensation is permitted for specific purposes, namely those that further the well‐being of society as a whole. In China there is no formal legislation and only a glimmer of hope that it may come. Third World countries take a more pragmatic line, although their legislation is naturally influenced by those European countries that have had close links with them in the past. The main aim is to ensure reasonable compensation for their own nationals while not limiting the inflow of technical information, of which most Third World countries are net importers. A major influence in this area is Model Laws, which have been drafted by UNESCO and WIPO and accepted in many developing countries. In general such model laws allow copying, not necessarily only single copying, provided it is not for profit, is for the general welfare of the community and does not impinge on the copyright owner's economic expectations. Overall there is a general trend towards a greater definition of rights on both sides of the ownership controversy, coupled with a more realistic approach to what can and should be protected.

October WED.25. Scottish Branch meeting. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 7 p.m. ‘The provision of a library/information service for/by newspapers,’ by Miss A. S. Brown.

A survey of scholarly and research journals by Fry and White published in 1976 resulted in a searching study of price changes and publishing economics generally. This paper will note such comments as bear upon differential pricing for institutions and individuals. A shift among US subscribers from individual to institutional subscriptions (as a percentage of total sales) was remarked upon for all except a group of publishers described as ‘Other not‐for‐profit’, the main categories being Commercial, Society, and University Press. These ‘Other not‐for‐profit’ journals ‘cost least of publisher groups’ and ‘may be more affordable by individuals’. The general growth in institutional compared with individual subscribers was to be expected ‘as increased prices forced individuals to drop their own subscriptions and rely on copies available through the library’.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how interlibrary loan practice and access to electronic resources in Canada are affected by copyright law, copyright collectives, and license agreements.

The author summarizes the current Canadian copyright laws and copyright collectives governing interlibrary loan practices, reviews the terms of typical electronic resource license agreements, describes how copyright laws in the USA are often imposed upon Canadian libraries through their various license agreements, and discusses the confusion created by these often conflicting obligations.

Although the current state of Canadian copyright law creates confusion for libraries, the promise of new legislation and future Supreme Court rulings may help resolve some thorny issues.

The paper provides a thorough review of Canadian copyright law as it pertains to interlibrary loan practices. It should be of great interest to any interlibrary loan practitioner who is interested in copyright issues, licensing agreements, and their combined impact upon the future of resource sharing.

The British Library Lending Division has been involved in the copyright debate for some time. The Division comes up against copyright issues in a number of areas of activity—collection development, conservation, translating and bibliographic. Not surprisingly however, most controversy and discussion has centred around its reprographic activities. It is eight years ago since Line and Wood published their article ‘The effect of a large scale photocopying service on journal sales’ and it is interesting that many of the points which were made at that time remain valid. This article looked specifically at the activities of the Lending Division but the arguments used could easily have been made in defence of inter‐library lending (ILL) activities in general.

Through a documentary analysis approach, the data included in the validation documentation for a new course designed for undergraduate Initial Teacher Education are used in an attempt to calculate the direct costs of the course. The portion of the costs that are visible are then compared to the pricing policy of the funding agency involved. The devolution of financial responsibility within higher education is suggested as a means of making courses more responsive to market trends.