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Social mobility research starts conventionally from the children's generation and looks at group-specific individual life chances. However, an immediate interpretation of these results as measures of social reproduction is often misleading. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of a related but alternative approach which looks at intergenerational links from the perspective of the parents’ generation. It asks about the consequences of social inequality in this generation for the following generation(s). This includes questions of how the parental origin context is formed, whether there are any children at all and when they were born as well as the aspect of these children's relative chances of attaining particular social positions. As an empirical example, the paper describes patterns of educational reproduction in (West) Germany during the mid- and late 20th century. Simulations allow assessing the relative importance of various partial processes of social reproduction. A large proportion of the observed levels of educational reproduction can be attributed to family-related processes such as union formation. Drawing together analyses from various areas, the paper combines questions of social mobility research with a demographic perspective and broadens the analytical basis of inequality research for systematic comparative research.

Karl Marx's social capital reproduction theory is his significant contribution to economics. The purpose of this paper is to review the contributions of the exploration of Chinese economists (especially Professor Liu Guoguang) in the concretization of Marx’s social capital reproduction theory combined with socialist construction since 1949.

During this process, Professor Liu Guoguang, a famous Chinese Marxist economist, has made an outstanding contribution by creating a Marxist social capital reproduction model with Chinese characteristics and a distinctive Marxist economic growth model. Professor Liu's exploration is still of crucial practical significance to building a socialist market economy today.

The process and achievements in the sinicization exploration of Marx's social capital reproduction theory were reviewed. With the reform and opening up, fundamental changes have occurred in China's economic system – the centralized planned economic system has been transformed into a socialist market economic system.

The planned management of the national economy is replaced by a macro-regulation system characterized by gross control gradually, and the concepts of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry, and their intercorrelation are no longer applied in theory and policy. However, the sinicization exploration of Marx's social capital reproduction theory in the older generation of Marxist economists represented by Liu is not only of historical significance but also of important practical significance.

This study has aimed to analyse the role of innovation-sharing collaboration in the large-scale manufacturing of Covid-19 vaccination across the globe and its impact on the mortality rate of the countries where the pharmaceutical manufacturers received such innovation.

The authors have relied upon the difference-in-difference (DID) approach by utilizing the data available on public platforms such as World Health Organization (WHO) databank, organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) data bank, istat, Indian bureau of statistics and European centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) from 2020 to 2021 to establish the empirical inference of the analysis.

This study’s results present that after the invention and commercialization of the vaccine, the Covid-19 impact was still intact and people were dying continuously. However, it was impossible to fulfil the demand of the 7 billion population in a short time. In the light of these facts, the WHO encouraged sharing vaccine innovation with other countries to enhance production capacity. The authors found that after vaccine innovation sharing, Covid-19’s devastation slowed: the fatality rate was marginally reduced, and economic conditions started their recovery journey.

This study’s findings present that the Covid-19 vaccine played a pivotal role in tackling the Covid-19’s devastating impact on the entire world. It emphasizes the role of innovation-sharing collaborations in curtailing hazardous consequences, including the mortality rate during a crisis, and such collaborations’ impact on the countries where institutions involved in them reside.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of Korean books by analysing their “work types” based on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model.

A total of 1,000 Korean books were randomly chosen from the Korean National Bibliography (KNB) 2008 at the National Library of Korea, and the frequency of each work type was investigated.

Of the Korean books that were studied, 16.9 per cent (single works, 2.7 per cent and multiple works, 14.2 per cent) were found to be multiple manifestations, and the rates of literature and social science works were relatively high.

The FRBR model was applied to a sample of 1,000 Korean books and was not representative of all Korean books.

The usefulness of the FRBR model was found to be limited to some complex works and can be improved by applying its work types in an extended way.

In the study, the work types of Korean books were analysed based on the FRBR model for the first time using this model.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a system dynamics approach based on Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Recovered (SEIR) model to investigate the coronavirus pandemic and the impact of therapeutic and preventive interventions on epidemic disaster.

To model the behavior of COVID-19 disease, a system dynamics model is developed in this paper based on SEIR model. In the proposed model, the impact of people's behavior, contact reduction, isolation of the sick people as well as public quarantine on the spread of diseases is analyzed. In this model, data collected by the Iran Ministry of Health have been used for modeling and verification of the results.

The results show that besides the intervening policies, early application of them is also of utmost priority and makes a significant difference in the result of the system. Also, if the number of patients with extreme conditions passes available hospital intensive care capacity, the death rate increases dramatically. Intervening policies play an important role in reducing the rate of infection, death and consequently control of pandemic. Also, results show that if proposed policies do not work before the violation of the hospital capacity, the best policy is to increase the hospital’s capacity by adding appropriate equipment.

The authors also had some limitations in the study including the lack of access to precise data regarding the epidemic of coronavirus, as well as accurate statistics of death rate and cases in the onset of the virus due to the lack of diagnostic kits in Iran. These parameters are still part of the problem and can negatively influence the effectiveness of intervening policies introduced in this paper.

The contribution of this paper includes the development of SEIR model by adding more policymaking details and considering the constraint of the hospital and public health capacity in the rate of coronavirus infection and death within a system dynamics modeling framework.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), widely known as “mad cow disease”, has virtually crippled the British livestock industry. Even though, no cases of BSE have been reported in the United States (US), a similar epidemic in the US would be catastrophic. The added concern for the risk of introduction of the human disease called variant Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease that has been linked to eating meat of BSE infected cattle compounds the risk of BSE. Systems dynamics models based on the underlying transmission pathways of BSE can help to anticipate the spread of this disease in different cattle populations and assist in the evaluation of potential risk mitigations for preventing its introduction or controlling its spread if it was introduced. With this in mind, an age and health status structured systems dynamics model was developed. By making assumptions and setting up feasible scenarios, the model can be used to examine potential prevalence and incidences rates of BSE; the effect of mitigations including changes in feeding habits or rendering processes and/or other policies and regulations designed to prevent the introduction of BSE. The systems dynamics simulation model enabled us to create virtual experiments whose real‐world analogues would otherwise be expensive, dangerous, or even impossible to carryout.

The immense and real problems in securing nutritional adequacy for the world's peoples now and in the future were highlighted in the fascinating paper given by Sir Kenneth Blaxter FRS at the Thirteenth International Congress of Nutrition held in Brighton in August. These are some of the details of Sir Kenneth's paper.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a behavioral mode (as opposed to a numerical one), which considers any parasitic behavior as an indication of a potentially contributing element in the overall system deficiency.

Similar to that associated with general systems theory, this paper concentrates on the organization and functions of natural systems which exhibit a loss of efficiency due to some general parasitic behavior. Based on the philosophy of “Bionics”, it clarifies the functional architecture and root-cause of this behavior in living systems in order to model subsystems characteristics which exhibit the same behavior in a complex system. In addition, a case study is done on the so-called “Eurozone financial difficulties” to examine the idea of this paper. However, limited access to proprietary financial data limits the generalization of the theory and therefore special case studies seem to be necessary.

The study of “parasites” and their associated functions introduces one possible explanation for the shortage of resources in systems. This concept could also help understand “interfaces” in a new perspective, where changing the system boundary could alter the type of interfaces in the system.

This work is applicable where there is a competition for the limited resources. Resource-based systems, such as financial systems, could be the subject of parasitic attack, and therefore, this work could build an appropriate foundation to understand and prevent this kind of danger to the system.

The presented behavioral model would be very useful to predict failures in systems which are rich in the resources. Detailed analysis on the subject, presented in this paper, provides initial knowledge to prevent shortage in system resources, caused by a general parasitic behavior.

It has been known, for at least 80 years, that micro‐organisms existed which have the capability of attacking aliphatic and aromatic hydro‐carbon materials; it has only been in the last decade that any attempt has been made to exploit the practical implications of the earlier work. Now that the attention of the metal‐working industries has been drawn to the economic and hygienic consequences of bacterial and fungal infections, the subject is beginning to attract the attention that it deserves.