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This paper aims to describe typical regional document supply networks in China through detailed discussion of their framework, service mode and influence on the nationwide document supply networks.

This paper highlights various kinds of regional document supply networks in China that serve as document resource sharing cooperation networks within provinces, cities and university towns. Their framework, service mode and influence on the nationwide document supply networks are discussed, followed by suggestions for improvement.

Regional document supply networks have their natural advantages in local financial support and extensive local coverage and are capable of providing fine service to meet various user needs timely and economically. They become an important part and beneficial supplement to nationwide document supply networks.

This paper studies regional document supply networks in China which has rarely been addressed in the international library literature.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

This paper seeks to describe the role and the development of the French bibliographic agency, ABES. More generally, it aims to describe the state of bibliographic and document supply developments in France and possible futures.

The paper is descriptive in nature.

The findings of the paper are that it is necessary to reduce the ILL failure rate, to reduce supply times, to capitalise on the streamlining of document supply, to improve the quality of supply, and to harmonise terms and conditions.

The paper is written by an authoritative figure in the French library network. It will be relevant to all those interested in developments in document supply and bibliographic organisation in France.

Resource sharing is an important element in the national planning of library and information services to meet the needs of information, education and culture of the whole community at all levels. An overview of resource sharing practices is presented, with particular reference to the British scene. It is also argued that, with the approach of the Single Market in 1992, resource sharing should now be considered on a European scale. In conclusion, some problems associated with the practice of resource sharing are considered.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the history of document supply in China and recent developments, locally, regionally and nationally.

Document supply in China is described in detail.

The paper provides insights into the development of document supply in China with practical examples, and suggestions are made for improvement.

Document supply in China is a subject that has been addressed rarely in the international library literature. Also provided is a list of web sites that will be valuable for all those wishing to learn more about Chinese document supply.

Presents and analyses the important developments in interlending during 1992‐1993. Relating trends to a selection of recent publications, the review concentrates on the developing pattern of service provision and electronic initiatives as the two broad themes. Particular topics chosen as the year′s key issues are the British Library strategic plan, charging between libraries, networking, library and information planning, the provision of minority language material and the role of the regional library system. Discusses the implications of redirections in Government policy.

To identify the issues associated with the introduction of desk top document supply to workers in the UK National Health Service (NHS).

This paper assesses network models from five countries: Australia, the USA, Italy, Iceland, and Canada, and BIREME, a Latin American and Caribbean network. Factors considered will include library types involved, organizational structure of library systems, length of system implementation, formats of documents involved, and efficiency of the system. Funding and pricing structures, where information is available, are described.

Complementary collections are necessary for the widest, most cost‐effective access to information. Access to electronic resources does not alleviate the need for remote document supply. Automation of library systems should improve the user experience, but does not necessarily replace the need for the involvement of library services and staff. Using software that conforms to the ISO ILL protocol and other industry standards such as Z39.50 allows for coordination of and improved efficiency of remote document supply (RDS) processes. Centralization of RDS does not guarantee an efficient service for users.

Provides insights into current thinking in the NHS for delivering material electronically directly to end users.

Surveys efforts towards co‐operation in interlending within countries including Hungary, Italy, Nigeria, Ghana, Germany and Latvia. Discusses barriers to European interlending and a formula for the size of the European interlending market is given. Interlending protocol and advances in facsimile transmission are described. A methodology of estimating interlending costs, DOCMATCH II, is introduced.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the background to Chinese libraries and the general development and new trends in document supply in China.

The service operation, copyright protection and management mechanisms of document supply in China are described. New challenges to it and the responses are also identified.

The role of document supply in China is recognized as important and is developing rapidly as economic constraints on purchasing increase.

The paper will be of interest to all document supply librarians interested in developments in China.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the historical trends and status of the national development of artificial intelligence (AI) from a nationwide perspective and to enable governments at different administrative levels to promote AI development through policymaking.

This paper analyzed 248 Chinese AI policies (36 issued by the state agencies and 212 by the regional agencies). Policy bibliometrics, policy instruments and network analysis were used to reveal the AI policy patterns. Three aspects were analyzed: the spatiotemporal distribution of issued policies, the policy foci and instruments of policy contents and the cooperation and citation among policy-issuing agencies.

Results indicate that Chinese AI development is still in the initial phase. During the policymaking processes, the state and regional policy foci have strong consistency; however, the coordination among state and regional agencies is supposed to be strengthened. According to the issuing time of AI policies, Chinese AI development is in accordance with the global situation and has witnessed unprecedented growth in the last five years. And the coastal provinces have issued more targeted policies than the middle and western provinces. Governments at the state and regional levels have emphasized familiar policy foci and played the role of policymakers, along with regional governments that also functioned as policy executors as well. According to the three-dimension instruments coding, the authors found an uneven structure of policy instruments at both levels. Furthermore, weak cooperation appears at the state level, while little cooperation is found among regional agencies. Regional governments cite state policies, thus leading to the formation of top-down diffusion, lacking bottom-up diffusion.

The paper contributes to the literature by characterizing policy patterns from both external attributes and semantic contents, thus revealing features of policy distribution, contents and agencies. What is more, this research analyzes Chinese AI policies from a nationwide perspective, which contributes to clarifying the overall status and multi-level relationships of policies. The findings also benefit the coordinated development of governments during further policymaking processes.