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The price of a painting is determined by multiple variables, including color-related variables. Colors are important in an economic analysis. This study aims to analyze the paintings executed by Jean-Michel Basquiat (the famous street artist from the 1980s' New York City) and sold at auction to study the potential effect of color intensity, luminosity and color contrast on the prices of his paintings. The authors also study the case of the op art master, Carlos Cruz-Diez, as a robustness analysis to the main results. The analysis that the authors present may be of interest to academicians and to participants in the art market.

The authors run a hedonic regression model considering 306 paintings (executed by Basquiat alone), and 41 works painted collaboratively between Basquiat and Warhol and sold at auction (2003–2017). The data and the images corresponding to each painting were hand-collected from the websites of several auction houses and complemented with information obtained from the Artprice and Blouin websites.

Increases in color intensity, luminosity and color contrast have a positive effect on art prices. The authors also find that color intensity is even more recognized (as reflected by higher prices) for paintings belonging to Basquiat's most appreciated (understood as most expensive) artistic period (1980–1983) and during the second part of the sample period (2011–2017). The authors find similar results for Cruz-Diez. The authors also estimate that Basquiat's artworks made collaboratively with Andy Warhol are worth 55% less than those made only by Basquiat. An investment in Basquiat's paintings generated an average annual compounded return of 16.81% (2003–2017), clearly overperforming the S&P 500.

The main limitation of the hedonic regression method lies in the need to have a significant and varied sample to identify the true effect of each variable on the price of the good. Another limitation is that we are only able to use art prices from auctions, as this is the only comprehensive source of data that is publicly available. These two limitations are common to all studies that use the hedonic pricing model. This paper has implications not only for the art pricing (and more generally, asset pricing) literature, but also for the fields of psychology and marketing.

This is the first paper that highlights the importance of analyzing the price impact of color intensity throughout the artistic periods of a painter, finding that color intensity is even more appreciated (as reflected by higher prices) for paintings belonging to an artist's most recognized period. In the case of color contrast, the authors present a novel way to estimate this variable.

El precio de una pintura está determinado por múltiples variables, incluidas las relacionadas con el color. Los colores son importantes en el análisis económico. En este trabajo, se analizan las obras realizadas por Jean-Michel Basquiat (el famoso artista callejero latino de la escena artística neoyorquina de los años 80) y vendidas en subasta, para estudiar el efecto potential que la intensidad del color, la luminosidad y el contraste de sus pinturas pueden tener sobre sus precios También estudiamos el caso del maestro de op-art, Carlos Cruz-Diez, como análisis de robustez a nuestros principales resultados. El análisis que presentamos puede ser de interés tanto para académicos como para participantes del mercado del arte.

Realizamos un modelo de regresión hedónica considerando 306 obras (pintadas solo por Basquiat), y 41 obras realizadas de manera colaborativa entre Basquiat y Warhol y vendidas en subasta (2003–2017). Los datos y las imágenes correspondientes a cada obra fueron recolectados a mano de los sitios web de varias casas de subastas y complementados con información de los sitios web de Artprice y Blouin.

Incrementos en la intensidad, luminosidad y contraste del color (variable para la que proponemos una nueva medida), inciden positivamente en los precios del arte. También encontramos que la intensidad del color es aún más reconocida (como se refleja en los precios más altos en las subastas) para pinturas pertenecientes al período artístico más apreciado de Basquiat (1980–1983), entendido como el más caro, y durante la segunda parte del período muestral (2011–2017). Además, hallamos resultados similares para Cruz-Diez. De igual forma, estimamos que las obras de arte de Basquiat realizadas en colaboración con Andy Warhol valen un 55% menos que las realizadas solo por Basquiat. Una inversión en las pinturas de Basquiat generó un rendimiento compuesto anual promedio del 16,81% (2003–2017), claramente superando el rendimiento total del índice S&P 500.

La principal limitación del método de regresión hedónica radica en la necesidad de contar con una muestra significativa y variada para identificar el verdadero efecto de cada variable sobre el precio del bien en estudio. Otra limitación consiste en que solo es posible utilizar los precios de las obras de arte que son vendidas en subastas, ya que esta es la única fuente completa de datos que está disponible públicamente. Estas dos limitaciones son comunes a todos los estudios que utilizan el modelo de precios hedónicos. El artículo tiene implicaciones no solo para la literatura sobre precios de arte (y, más en general, sobre los precios de los activos), sino también para la literatura sobre psicología y mercadeo, en donde el estudio del impacto de los colores en las emociones y en el atractivo de un producto son de suma importancia.

Este es el primer estudio que destaca la importancia de analizar el impacto en precios de la intensidad del color a lo largo de los períodos artísticos de un pintor, debido a que se determinó que la intensidad de color es aún más apreciada (como se refleja en los precios más altos en las subastas), para las pinturas pertenecientes al período artístico más reconocido de un artista. En el caso del contraste de color, se propuso y utilizó una forma novedosa de estimar esta variable.

This paper aims to inspect solder joint defects of integrated circuit (IC) components on printed circuit boards. Here, an IC solder joint inspection algorithm is developed based on a Gaussian mixture model (GMM).

First, the authors train a GMM using numerous qualified IC solder joints. Then, the authors compare the IC solder joint images with the trained model to inspect the potential defects. Finally, the authors introduce a frequency map and define a metric termed as normalized defect degree to evaluate qualities of the tested IC solder joints.

Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is superior to the state-of-the-art methods on IC solder joint inspection.

The approach is a promising method for IC solder joint inspection, which is quite different from the traditional classifier-based methods.

Fish are considered as one of the important aquatic animals in the planet. They play a vital role in the nutrient cycle. They can be considered as one of the healthy food for human beings. They can also act as a solution for some of the human health problems. If fish are affected by several diseases, they in turn provide an adverse effect on human health. Therefore, it is very much essential to protect fish from being affected by any diseases.

This paper is mainly focused on the identification of the red spot diseased area in fish. In this work, a fuzzy rule based method (FRBAM) and triangular membership function (TMFN) is used to identify the red spot disease (RSD) in the fish by analyzing several red spot diseased fish (RSDF) images. The canny edge detector is used for intermediate processing of RSDF images.

The proposed method is able to identify the red pixels over the fish by marking the affected area with red color by using a standard RGB model.

The proposed method follows FRBAM and TMFN in order to detect the RSD and canny edge detector for processing of RSDF images. Finally, it is tested using ten different image sizes and the results show its better performance in terms of detection of RSD affected regions of fish and execution time.

Purpose – The advancement of multimedia technology has spurred the use of multimedia in business practice. The adoption of audio and visual data will accelerate as marketing scholars become more aware of the value of audio and visual data and the technologies required to reveal insights into marketing problems. This chapter aims to introduce marketing scholars into this field of research.Design/methodology/approach – This chapter reviews the current technology in audio and visual data analysis and discusses rewarding research opportunities in marketing using these data.Findings – Compared with traditional data like survey and scanner data, audio and visual data provides richer information and is easier to collect. Given these superiority, data availability, feasibility of storage, and increasing computational power, we believe that these data will contribute to better marketing practices with the help of marketing scholars in the near future.Practical implications: The adoption of audio and visual data in marketing practices will help practitioners to get better insights into marketing problems and thus make better decisions.Value/originality – This chapter makes first attempt in the marketing literature to review the current technology in audio and visual data analysis and proposes promising applications of such technology. We hope it will inspire scholars to utilize audio and visual data in marketing research.

The colors of change is an overview of change paradigms, created about two decades ago, that has been intensively used, tested, refined, shared, and elaborated by practitioners and academics alike. Here, the “color theory” is presented as it is now, and is situated within the literature. Its four main applications are described as well as rules of thumb that have been derived from reflective practice. This chapter illustrates that the color theory is clearly not one thing to all people, as it is understood in very different ways, both in terms of its theoretical foundations as well as the complexity of its applications. This probably adds to the versatility of the theory. Bringing together key insights about the color theory for academics and practitioners, this chapter strives both to give a concise overview and to explore its richness.

Fixed mode noise and random mode noise always exist in the image sensor, which affects the imaging quality of the image sensor. The charge diffusion and color mixing between pixels in the photoelectric conversion process belong to fixed mode noise. This study aims to improve the image sensor imaging quality by processing the fixed mode noise.

Through an iterative training of an ergoable long- and short-term memory recurrent neural network model, the authors obtain a neural network model able to compensate for image noise crosstalk. To overcome the lack of differences in the same color pixels on each template of the image sensor under flat-field light, the data before and after compensation were used as a new data set to further train the neural network iteratively.

The comparison of the images compensated by the two sets of neural network models shows that the gray value distribution is more concentrated and uniform. The middle and high frequency components in the spatial spectrum are all increased, indicating that the compensated image edges change faster and are more detailed (Hinton and Salakhutdinov, 2006; LeCun et al., 1998; Mohanty et al., 2016; Zang et al., 2023).

In this paper, the authors use the iterative learning color image pixel crosstalk compensation method to effectively alleviate the incomplete color mixing problem caused by the insufficient filter rate and the electric crosstalk problem caused by the lateral diffusion of the optical charge caused by the adjacent pixel potential trap.

In this chapter, I present a concept named Diversity Icebreaker® where the participants in a seminar are categorized along red, blue, and green dimensions based on a psychological assessment. The participants co-create the meaning of the dimensions in mono-colored groups due to their dominant scores where they describe themselves and others from inside and outside perspectives. Blue is more task and detail oriented. Green is more holistic and future oriented. Red is more social and communicative oriented. The language as a metaphorical structure as well as the seminar builds a culture of inclusivity. The simplicity and easiness of mastery of the categories make it easy for everyone to apply the categories. The social co-creation of the categories makes every participant at an even level. The colors are defined reciprocally strengthening the needs of the others. Everyone has all colors which makes it easier to connect and see commonalities that build cohesion. In the seminar, participants experience uncertainty followed by dialogues with others. Positive emotions and insight reinforce the script of “dialoguing with others when uncertainties arise.” The positivity and humor in the seminar reinforce the behavior of being together. The closure is a collective reflexivity process where all participants have even possibility to contribute due to their unique perspectives on their shared experience. I end this chapter with reflections and questions on leadership models in this seminar that has evolved in a Norwegian context and their relevance in a global context.

Artificial‐life techniques – specifically, agent‐based models and evolutionary learning algorithms – provide a potentially powerful new approach to understanding some of the fundamental processes of war. This paper introduces a simple artificial‐like “toy model” of combat called Enhanced ISAAC Neural Simulation Tool (EINSTein). EINSTein is designed to illustrate how certain aspects of land combat can be viewed as self‐organized, emergent phenomena resulting from the dynamical web of interactions among notional combatants. EINSTein's bottom‐up, synthesist approach to the modeling of combat stands in stark contrast to the more traditional top‐down, or reductionist approach taken by conventional military models, and represents a step toward developing a complex systems theoretic toolbox for identifying, exploring, and possibly exploiting self‐organized emergent collective patterns of behavior on the real battlefield. A description of the model is provided, along with examples of emergent agent patterns and behaviors.

Based on Kansei Engineering, this study obtained consumers' emotional preferences aiming to enhance the emotional connection between consumers and clothing to extend the service life of clothing and realize sustainable clothing design.

Six Kansei word pairs that are the most important to consumers were identified through literature reviews, magazines, websites, card sorting of consumers and cluster analysis. Finally, the consumers scored the 32 product specimens through a 5-level rating semantic differential scale questionnaire of six Kansei word pairs. The researchers verified the consumers' emotional preferences through principal component analysis and established the relationship between Kansei words and design elements of color through partial least squares.

The study found consumers' emotional preferences: elegant, minimalist, formal, casual, mature, practical and distinctive style. Besides white, black, gray, blue, consumers will also like red and yellow-red in the future. The crucial findings of this study are to get recommended guidelines that consumers' emotional preferences match the corresponding design elements.

The study's findings can be used to style the design of men's plain-color shirts and guide online marketers and designers to design apparel that meets consumers' emotional needs to develop consumers' sustainability reliance on clothing. This study also explains the overall process and methodology for integrating consumer preferences and product design elements.

The stock‐in‐trade of trainers, and we include ourselves, are the conceptual models, frameworks and structures we use for teaching, coaching and counselling. The models that trainers use have their equivalents in the architect's scale drawings, the management services systems, the fashion designer's sketches, the engineer's blue‐prints, the copy‐writer's mock‐ups. Manufacturing is fast realising that the better its ability to model what it wants to make, the better its chances of success, For example, the help of technology like computer aided design, has dramatically reduced the cost and time consumed in the design stage.