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The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between frequency and recall in radio advertising by studying the main features of reach and frequency.

The authors consider the outcome of a frequency model specifically designed for radio campaigns that gives the probability distribution of recall as a function of weekly exposures and GRPs over a dataset of 1,117 radio campaigns broadcast in Spain.

An increase in factors such as advertising format and creativity are more significant to achieve effective recall than increasing the number of advertising exposures.

This study has important managerial implications regarding radio campaigns' planning: (1) Effective frequency is a range between 4 and 17 impressions (being 7 the optimal average). (2) The way to optimize the campaign is by using the following factors: live read format (∆ 4.4%), good creativity (∆ 2.8%), endorsement format (∆ 2%), sponsorship format (∆ 1.8%), increase the length of the spot (∆ 1.5%), place the ad in first (∆ 0.8%) or last (∆ 0.7%) positions in the pod. From the results we conclude that the format is at least as important as the creativity itself.

This study contributes to the effective repetition literature in two ways: giving specific clues to the effective frequency in the radio medium and setting advertising factors that predict the effective frequency in radio.

The nature of radiated radio frequency fields and the ways in which they may cause either beneficial or deleterious effects are reviewed. The uniqueness of this phenomenon in relation to the drafting of safety guides, and hence ultimately in relation to law, is pointed out. The existing strategy for the drafting of safety guides depends on the determination of “reasonable worst‐case” parameters for each of the mechanisms involved in the coupling process from source to potential hazard. The decisions on what constitutes a reasonable worse case are taken by an expert committee, but comparison of the resulting safety guides with the scant evidence of proven hazards suggests that the worst‐case view leads to a substantial overestimate of the actual hazards. It is suggested that this situation would be likely to be found to be extremely unsatisfactory if ever a hazard situation (whether proven, contended or hypothetical) were to be the result of litigation between belligerent parties. It is further suggested that substantial amelioration of this situation could result if a probabilistic view of the problem were taken. In this case the expert committee would decide on realistic probability density functions, rather than realistic worst‐case factors.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility to replace radio equipment compliance requirements based on equipment parameters with a set of simple metrics that accurately reflects spectrum utilization and spectrum-sharing efficiency.

The approach taken is to go back to the basic factors that determine radio system behavior in a shared spectrum environment: radio frequency power, duty cycle and frequency occupation. By normalizing these parameters, device specificity is avoided and a statistical perspective on spectrum utilization and sharing becomes possible.

The analysis shows that two technology-neutral metrics would be adequate to govern spectrum utilization and sharing: a spectrum utilization metric and a spectrum-sharing efficiency metric. These metrics form the core of regulatory requirements for shared frequency bands. Each shared frequency band could be assigned criteria based on these metrics that take into account the types of applications for which that band will be used.

This work is a first step that identifies the main factors that affect shared spectrum usage from a statistical point of view. More work is needed on the relationship between real-world interference and its abstraction in the spectrum-sharing rules.

The metrics proposed could be considered as the basis for a new approach to the regulation of the license-exempt spectrum, and, by extension, as the basis for generic compliance criteria. Their use would facilitate the compliance assessment of software-defined radio technology.

This work has no direct social implications.

This paper combines new work on spectrum utilization criteria with extensions of previous work on spectrum-sharing efficiency into a comprehensive proposal for a new approach to the regulation of the license-exempt spectrum.

Engineers across many disciplines are becoming interested in wireless communication, however the plethora of standards, frequencies and technologies can lead to considerable confusion. This article presents some decision criteria to assist the reader selecting the most suitable technology. Further, it highlights other issues to prepare for integrating RF.

The aim of this paper is to consider whether it is possible to identify the future spectrum bands most suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT) from the operating factors of a novel set of radio services for a very wide range of applications, as an aid to policy makers now facing decisions in this area.

The approach uses characteristics of spectrum bands against the applications’ requirements to focus on specific major traits that can be matched.

The main choice factors for spectrum are the practical application needs and the network cost model, and these are fairly useful as matching parameters. It is forecast that multiple bands will be needed and that these should be of a licence-exempt form to seed the unfettered innovation of IoT technologies and pre-empt the formation of significant market power by concerned interests.

The way in which spectrum is allocated today will need to be reconsidered, in the light of evolving IoT requirements, which will have increasing economic and social impacts. Policy recommendations for IoT spectrum demands are outlined, and key policy options to ensure a dynamic and trustworthy development of the IoT are put forward. For instance, regulatory barriers globally will need to be removed.

Current interests in the technical requirements of the IoT have not yet given a suitable analysis of the potential spectrum uses, because too often, it is assumed that previous models of spectrum allocation will continue in the future, without consideration of the economic pressures and social context.

The purpose of this study is to design a radio altimeter antenna whose production process is facilitated and can work with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) properties to provide space gain on the aircraft.

To create an easy-to-produce MIMO, a two-storied structure consisting of a reflector and a top antenna was designed. The dimensions of the reflector were prevented to get smaller to supply easy production. The unit cell nearly with the same dimensions of a lower frequency was protected through the original cell design. The co-planar structure with the use of a via connection was modified and a structure was achieved with no need to via for easy production, too. Finally, the antennas were placed side by side and the distance between them was optimized to achieve a MIMO operation.

As a result, an easy-to-produce, compact and successful radio altimeter antenna was obtained with high antenna parameters such as 10.14 dBi gain and 10.55 dBi directivity, and the conical pattern along with proper MIMO features, through original reflector surface and top antenna system.

Since radio altimeter antennas require high radiation properties, the microstrip antenna structure is generally used in literature. This paper contributes by presenting the radio altimeter application with antenna-reflective structure participation. The technical solutions were developed during the design, focusing on an easy manufacturing process for both the reflective surface and the upper antenna. Also, the combination of International Telecommunication Union’s recommended features that require high antenna properties was achieved, which is challenging to reach. In addition, by operating the antenna as a successful MIMO, two goals of easy production and space gain on aircraft have been attained at the same time.

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the UK's experience with spectrum trading using data from Ofcom's transfer notice registry and the UK statutory instrument on spectrum trading.

The legal framework for spectrum trading is outlined and the data from Ofcom's transfer notice registry is subjected to three analytical techniques: descriptive statistical analysis, a binary logistic regression and volitional pragmatism.

A descriptive account of the empirical observations associated with spectrum trading shows that most trades (however defined) occur in business radio. A binary logistic regression of the transfer notice registry data demonstrates that trading is more likely to occur where the buyer and seller of a radio license are in the same service/industry. This analysis is inconclusive however due to lack of data. A third analytical technique, volitional pragmatism, suggests that the interdependency inherent in radio communications makes the scope of spectrum trading less workable as a mechanism of co‐ordinating spectrum use and users than previously assumed.

An approach to evaluating the real‐world efficacy of spectrum trading given the operational goals of a national regulatory authority is provided.

Radio frequency identification or RFID has received much press of late, mainly due to the recent compliance mandates by many of the world’s largest retailers (Wal‐Mart, Tesco, Marks and Spencer, Target, etc.) and Gillette’s reported purchase of 500 million units last year. The technology has been proclaimed to ‘lead to an entirely new relationship between people and things’ (J. D. Markman, ‘Invest in the Greatest Thing since the Bar Code’, MSN Money ‐ SuperModels, 25th June, 2003; http:// moneycentral.msn.com/content/P50823.asp). Others have said ‘we think it will be bigger than the Internet. All the Web did was connect computers to computers. That’s not as big as connecting things to computers’ (M. Roberti, publisher of RFID Journal, in interview with Markman, above). Promoters describe a supply chain where all assets are in perfect visibility through production, distribution, retail and consumption. According to one analyst, the world will need about half the warehouse space it needs today (P. Jilek, ‘Corporate Sector Focus, A Killer App?’ CSFB Investment Strategy, 17th June, 2003). This paper introduces RFID technology and its potential implications. Although the technology is compelling, there are serious nearterm challenges. Finally, the paper looks at the impact RFID could have on supply chain facilities and the future demand for industrial real estate.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the world's smallest radio receiver, fabricated from a single carbon nanotube (CNT).

This paper describes the construction and mode of operation of the CNT radio and the experiments used to test its functionality.

It is shown that a single CNT can act as an antenna, adjustable tuner, amplifier and demodulator, resulting in a fully functional radio with the ability to receive and faithfully reproduce audio signals.

This paper describes the world's smallest radio receiver which has the potential to be used in a range of both conventional and novel applications.