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The problem of transient heat transfer and growth of solid in the inviscid stagnation flow when phase change from liquid to solid occurs is considered. A fast and accurate numerical scheme is developed to determine the instantaneous temperature distribution in both solid and liquid phases and the growth rate of solid directly, without iterative calculation. The solution of the dimensionless governing equations is dependent on the three dimensionless parameters. The characteristics of the transient heat transfer and solidification process for all the parameters are elucidated.

While aiming to create methods for fibre recycling, the question of colours in waste textiles is also in focus; whether the colour should be kept or should be removed while recycling textile fibre. More knowledge is needed for colour management in a circular economy approach.

The research included the use of different dye types in a cotton dyeing process, the process for decolourizing and the results. Two reactive dyes, two direct dyes and one vat dye were used in the study. Four chemical treatment sequences were used to evaluate colour removal from the dyed cotton fabrics, namely, HCE-A, HCE-P-A, HCE-Z-P-A and HCE-Y-A.

The objective was to evaluate how different chemical refining sequences remove colour from direct, reactive and vat dyed cotton fabrics, and how they influence the specific cellulose properties. Dyeing methods and the used refining sequences influence the degree of colour removal. The highest achieved final brightness of refined cotton materials were between 71 and 91 per cent ISO brightness, depending on the dyeing method used.

Only cotton fibre and three different colour types were tested.

With cotton waste, it appears to be easier to remove the colour than to retain it, especially if the textile contains polyester residues, which are desired to be removed in the textile refining stage.

Colour management in the CE context is an important new track to study in the context of the increasing amount of textile waste used as a raw material.

Adoption of digital technology at different levels of economic activity is an important indicator of development. Countries are adopting digital technology at business and government levels to increase efficiency and accountability of service delivery to appropriate user groups. Many countries are using digital technology in banking, education, and many other sectors and recasting the relationship among customers, workers, and employers. The digital transformation progressively changes productivity across all sectors and industries. The empirical investigation shows that mainly the role of per capita income (state of living) and supply-side factors explain cross-country variations in Digital Adoption Index (DAI) in business using a static panel data model with fixed effect (FE) approach for 169 countries over the period 2014–2016. In this context, this study makes an attempt to understand the state of digital adoption in business across 169 countries in 2016 using World Bank data. The empirical results state that only major variable like labour force are positively and statistically significant with DAI across the countries. Although there are caveats that the International Monetary Fund has made about the digital economy, they state that we should think carefully about how to devise policies that will allow us to fully exploit the digital revolution’s benefits while minimizing job dislocation.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how anomalous diffusion behaviors can be manifest in physically realizable phase change systems.

In the presence of heterogeneity the exponent in the diffusion time scale can become anomalous, exhibiting values that differ from the expected value of 1/2. Here the author investigates, through directed numerical simulation, the two-dimensional melting of a phase change material (PCM) contained in a pattern of cavities separated by a non-PCM matrix. Under normal circumstances we would expect that the progress of melting F(t) would exhibit the normal diffusion time exponent, i.e., F∼t1/2. The author’s intention is to investigate what features of the PCM cavity pattern might induce anomalous phase change, where the progress of melting has a time exponent different from n=1/2.

When the PCM cavity pattern has an internal length scale, i.e., when there is a sub-domain pattern which, when reproduced, gives us the full domain pattern, the direct simulation recovers the normal ∼t1/2 phase change behavior. When, however, there is no internal length scale, e.g., the pattern is a truncated fractal, an anomalous super diffusive behavior results with melting going as t n; n > 1/2. By studying a range of related fractal patterns, the author is able to relate the observed sub-diffusive exponent to the cavity pattern’s fractal dimension. The author also shows, how the observed behavior can be modeled with a non-local fractional diffusion treatment and how sub-diffusion phase change behavior (F∼t n; n < 1/2) results when the phase change nature of the materials in the cavity and matrix are inverted.

Although the results clearly demonstrate under what circumstances anomalous phase change behavior can be practically produced, the question of an exact theoretical relationship between the cavity pattern geometry and the observed anomalous time exponent is not known.

The clear role of the influence of heterogeneity on heat flow behavior is illustrated. Suggesting that modeling heat and fluid flow in heterogeneous systems requires careful consideration.

The novel direct simulation of melting in a two-dimensional PCM cavity pattern provides a clear illustration of anomalous behavior in a classic heat and fluid flow system and by extension provides motivation to continue the numerical investigation of anomalous and non-local behaviors and fractional calculus tools.

Purpose – Freeway networks are designed to higher standards and are safer infrastructures as compared to other road types, if properly designed. On the other hand, these facilities are driven at very high speeds and therefore speed and design consistency are essential for achieving safe infrastructure designs. This chapter describes the criteria for speed and design consistency and looks at new tools and criteria for improving freeway safety in new and in existing infrastructures.

Methodology – This chapter describes the criteria to evaluate if there are speed, design and human factors inconsistencies, as well as potential solutions for tackling local deficiencies and speeding issues. As one of the critical issues in freeway safety is represented by run-off-road crashes, a specific section in the chapter is devoted to newly developed design and assessment tools for improving roadside safety. The potential implications of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies on freeways design and management are also presented.

Findings and Social Implications – The important crash reduction trends observed in the decade 2001–2010 are now slowing down and new actions are required to be coupled with more traditional design checks. The full implementation of cooperative ITS systems is expected to have a very important impact on road safety, but in the short term several safety improvements can be realised: section speed enforcement techniques and high-friction wearing courses have been proven to be extremely effective, as have perceptual measures accounting for human factors principles.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects on the flow of a magneto-nanofluid between two horizontally placed plates. Three distinct shapes of nanoparticles in a base fluid (water) are considered to compose the nanofluid.

Introducing feasible similarity variables, the flow model is transformed into a nonlinear and coupled system of ordinary differential equations. The consequent system is solved by using homotopy analysis method.

Furthermore, the influence of embedded parameters on velocity and temperature profiles is highlighted graphically. The same is done for showing the variations in skin friction coefficient and local rate of heat transfer. Under certain conditions, present results compared with already existing results in the literature. Some main findings are pinpointed in the last section before the bibliography. From presented work, it is analyzed that the velocity field along y-axis and x-axis are increasing and decreasing functions of suction/injection parameter. The velocity of the fluid starts increases for Reynolds number and declines for volumetric fraction of the nanoparticles. Significant variations in angular velocity are observed for volumetric fraction and Reynolds number, respectively. Thermal field increases rapidly for brick-shaped nanoparticles, and for platelet-shaped nanoparticles, it decreases rapidly. Local rate of heat transfer increases for radiation and Reynolds number and starts decreasing for Eckert number.

The study presented is original and has not been submitted to any other journal for the publication purpose. The contents are original and proper references have been provided wherever applicable.

Evaluates changes in the welfare system in Sweden, the UK and the USA over a decade, basing arguments on the divergence of economic globalization and domestic forces. Presents brief economic snapshots of each country, stating quite categorically that the welfare state is an impediment to capitalist profit‐making, hence all three nations have retrenched welfare systems in the hope of remaining globally economically competitive. Lays the responsibility for retrenchment firmly at the door of conservative political parties. Takes into account public opinion, national institutional structures, multiculturalism and class issues. Explores domestic structures of accumulation (DSA) and refers to changes in the international economy, particularly the Bretton Woods system (Pax Americana), and notes how the economic health of nations mirrors that of the US. Investigates the roles of multinationals and direct foreign investment in the global economy, returning to how economic policy affects the welfare state. Points out the changes made to the welfare state through privatization, decentralization and modification of public sector financing. Concludes that the main result has been an increase in earnings inequality and poverty.

The purpose of this study is to establish a finite element (FE) model with the random distribution of the Nylon12/hydroxyapatite (PA12/HA) composite material in selective laser sintering (SLS) process for considering the material anisotropy, which aims to obtain the law of temperature and stress changes in PA12/HA sintering.

By using python script in Abaqus, the FE model is established in which the two materials are randomly distributed and are assigned to their intrinsic temperature-dependent physical parameters. Molten pool sizes at various process parameters were evaluated in terms of numerical simulation and scanning electron microscope analysis, identifying a good agreement between them. Evaluation of temperature and stress distribution under the condition of different HA contents was also conducted.

It shows that the uneven distribution and quantity of HA powder play a vital role in stress concentration and temperature increase. Additionally, the influence of HA addition on the mechanical performance of SLS-fabricated parts shows that it is conducive to improve compressive strength when the HA ratio is less than 5% because an excess of HA powder tends to bring about a certain amount of microspores resulting in a decrease in part density.

The FE model of the PA12/HA composite material with parameterized random distribution in SLS can be applied in other similar additive manufacturing technologies. It provides a feasible guideline for the numerical analysis of properties of composite materials.