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Book part
Publication date: 31 July 2008

Reasonable Value

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Documents from F. Taylor Ostrander at Oxford, John R. Commons' Reasonable Value
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-4154(08)26044-X
ISBN: 978-1-84663-906-7

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 2019

Referral reward programs with scarcity messages on bank credit card adoption

Chanho Song, Tuo Wang and Michael Y. Hu

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how referral reward programs (RRPs) with scarcity messages influence consumer’ recommendation behavioral intentions about a…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how referral reward programs (RRPs) with scarcity messages influence consumer’ recommendation behavioral intentions about a bank credit card.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 1,599 consumers are accessed through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk worker panel. The authors use general linear models, analysis of variance and analysis of covariance to test the proposed hypotheses.

Findings

The results showed that offering RRPs with scarcity messages increases a consumer’s behavioral intentions to recommend. The limited-quantity message in RRPs has the highest positive impact on consumers’ behavioral intentions.

Originality/value

No prior studies have addressed the relationship between referral rewards and scarcity messages in the bank credit card context. The study contributes to the understanding of the effectiveness of RRPs with scarcity message in improving consumer’s referral.

Details

International Journal of Bank Marketing, vol. 37 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-12-2017-0260
ISSN: 0265-2323

Keywords

  • Behavioural outcome and intentions
  • Limited quantity
  • Limited time
  • Referral rewards
  • Scarcity messages

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Article
Publication date: 13 February 2017

Fast fashion environments: consumer’s heaven or retailer’s nightmare?

Sasikarn Chatvijit Cook and Jennifer Yurchisin

The current research explored both pre-purchase and post-purchase factors of consumer behaviour. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the…

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Purpose

The current research explored both pre-purchase and post-purchase factors of consumer behaviour. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships that may exist among consumers’ perceptions of perishability, scarcity, low price, attitudes, impulse buying, post-purchase emotions, and product returns within the context of the fast fashion environments.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 246 usable questionnaires completed by female undergraduate students, who made purchases and product returns at fast fashion retailers, were analysed in SPSS and AMOS 23.0. Structural equation modelling was employed to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Consumers who are attracted to scarcity due to limited supply and scarcity due to time, referred to as perceived perishability, have a positive attitude towards the fast fashion retailers in which products are presented in scarce environments. Likewise, consumers have a positive attitude towards fast fashion retailers due to low priced merchandises they offer. Consequently, consumers who have a positive attitude towards the fast fashion retailers are likely to purchase products from them impulsively. Moreover, impulse buying behaviour positively influenced some negative post-purchase emotional responses, which in turn positively influenced product returns in the fast fashion environments.

Research limitations/implications

The results of the current study contribute to a greater understanding of apparel-related consumer behaviour in general. A theory formation of fast fashion consumer behaviour from acquisition to disposal can be drawn from the results of this study. Because some fast fashion retailers do sell clothing for both men and women, researchers could compare the responses of males and females to examine differences in consumer behaviour related to demographic characteristics. In the future, an examination of actual emotional responses and return behaviour would be beneficial for a more complete understanding of post-purchase consumer behaviour.

Practical implications

Fast fashion retailers could use this information to carefully design shopping environments that induce impulse buying behaviour because it may result in product returns. Fast fashion retailers need to understand the causes of the return behaviour, whether consumer related or product related, to better meet the needs of their target market. Return policies must be considered.

Originality/value

This research is the first to examine the impact of negative emotions following consumers’ impulse buying on product returns in the fast fashion retail environments.

Details

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 45 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2016-0027
ISSN: 0959-0552

Keywords

  • Fast fashion
  • Product returns
  • Impulse buying
  • Perishability
  • Post-purchase emotional response
  • Scarcity

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Book part
Publication date: 25 February 2003

Victor E. Smith's notes on William Jaffé's lectures on general equilibrium, 1938–1939

Warren J. Samuels

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Documents on Modern History of Economic Thought: Part C
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-4154(03)21041-5
ISBN: 978-0-76230-998-6

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Article
Publication date: 6 July 2020

Outlet selectivity: how and when does it work?

Hsuan-Hsuan Ku

A common tactic employed by retailers to enhance shoppers' purchase intentions is to promote a special offer product for purchase only at certain selected stores. This…

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Purpose

A common tactic employed by retailers to enhance shoppers' purchase intentions is to promote a special offer product for purchase only at certain selected stores. This research aimed to identify the specific processes by which restricting the outlets drives intention to buy.

Design/methodology/approach

Three between-subjects experiments examined the effect on purchasing intention of outlet selectivity, as mediated by participants' perceptions of temporal accessibility and geographic accessibility (study 1), and investigated the extent to which decisions to buy might be moderated by the limited number of stores where the item would be available (study 2) and by “limited market,” in which the right to buy a product is restricted to a limited set of consumers (study 3).

Findings

The study findings are that joint consideration of the perceived temporal and geographic accessibility of a product generates two possible ways in which availability limited to certain stores makes the product seem hard to get and motivates consumer purchase decisions. However, such effect is confined to conditions in which the distribution of those outlets is low-density. When there was no change in those scores if restrictions were lower, participants' responsiveness to decreased availability was significantly raised by announcing that the chance to buy the product is further limited to “eligible” customers.

Originality/value

This research focused on consumer responses to outlet selectivity, a branch of inquiry that treats an overlooked facet of limited availability and provides useful assistance for developing methods to stimulate consumers' desire to purchase.

Details

Marketing Intelligence & Planning, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-10-2019-0533
ISSN: 0263-4503

Keywords

  • Limited availability
  • Perceived temporal accessibility
  • Perceived geographic accessibility
  • Limited market

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Article
Publication date: 5 October 2019

Active and upcoming deals: effect on purchase intention

Garima Chaklader

The purpose of this paper is to study the interaction of timing cues (active deals vs upcoming deals) and brand familiarity on consumers’ purchase intention.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the interaction of timing cues (active deals vs upcoming deals) and brand familiarity on consumers’ purchase intention.

Design/methodology/approach

The research design of this paper is based on one experiment conducted in a behavioural experimental laboratory and two experiments in Mechanical Turk. The data received from these experiments were analysed using one-way ANOVA technique and PROCESS models.

Findings

Results across three experiments show that consumers prefer upcoming deals over active deals when brands are of low familiarity. However, the effect is attenuated for brands with high familiarity. Further, the paper proposes and shows that the effects of timing cues and brand familiarity interactions on purchase intention are explained by temporal distance. Finally, results show that need for cognition moderates the effects.

Research limitations/implications

The research results may vary when size of discounts is mentioned. There is a need to study various other moderators such as product type, self-other overlap and regulatory focus.

Practical implications

The paper offers managerial strategies and insights that can be adopted by the online retailing industry. Paper offers practical implications for brands, especially for ones with low familiarity.

Originality/value

This paper adds to the literature by studying new timing cues to understand the behaviour of consumers in retailing industries.

Details

Marketing Intelligence & Planning, vol. 38 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-01-2019-0004
ISSN: 0263-4503

Keywords

  • Purchase intention
  • Need for cognition
  • Temporal distance
  • Brand familiarity
  • Information economics
  • Timing cue

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Article
Publication date: 11 November 2019

Effectiveness of monetary discounts: comparing quantity scarcity and time restriction

Subhash Jha, Sujay Dutta and Ahmet Koksal

This study aims to examine whether adding a quantity scarcity message to a monetary discount helps to improve consumers’ offer-related perceptions and intentions, and how…

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to examine whether adding a quantity scarcity message to a monetary discount helps to improve consumers’ offer-related perceptions and intentions, and how the effectiveness of that message compares with adding time restriction to the offer.

Design/methodology/approach

Two experiments, where participants evaluated retail ads and responded to relevant measures, were conducted in two country markets.

Findings

Adding either a quantity scarcity message or time restriction to a monetary discount increases the potency of a retail offer. Further, when an offer ad emphasizes product and price-related cues in a balanced manner, time restriction results in more favorable consumer perceptions than scarcity. However, this difference in the messages’ efficacy disappears when the offer strongly emphasizes price-related cues.

Research limitations/implications

The US market sample is more homogeneous than the Indian one. Discounts were presented in terms of advertised reference prices; further research with other discount formats is desirable.

Practical implications

Understanding the relative efficacy of quantity scarcity message and time restriction in discounted retail offers can give managers flexibility in the use of these tools.

Originality/value

This paper addresses scholars’ call for theory-grounded research that provides guidance to retailers on the use of sales promotional tools.

Details

Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 36 no. 7
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-07-2018-2763
ISSN: 0736-3761

Keywords

  • Signalling theory
  • Discount
  • Advertised reference price
  • Quantity scarcity
  • Time restriction

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Article
Publication date: 3 August 2020

The drivers of desirability in scarcity marketing

Tser Yieth Chen, Tsai Lien Yeh and Ya Jou Wang

Marketers make an effort to affect consumers through scarcity marketing thus shaping the perception of scarcity and creating desirability for consumers. To expand the…

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Purpose

Marketers make an effort to affect consumers through scarcity marketing thus shaping the perception of scarcity and creating desirability for consumers. To expand the scarcity-expensiveness-desirability model and to enhance insights for practical applications, this study modifies the causal relationship among two types of scarcity, three types of expansiveness and desirability.

Design/methodology/approach

This study surveyed 400 Taipei city residents who had purchase experience with luxury brands products in Taiwan. The study employed structural equation modeling as empirical analysis.

Findings

The empirical results show that limited-quantity scarcity main influences perceived social status and then affects desirability. The second path is that limited-quantity scarcity influences perceived uniqueness and then affects desirability. Therefore, perceived social status and perceived uniqueness dominate the majority of effects on desirability because they are the recognition of the individual compared to others, especially when applied to luxury goods.

Practical implications

Because limited-quantity scarcity has a greater impact on desirability than limited-time scarcity in the empirical results, marketers can adopt limited-quantity scarcity messages that are better than limited-time scarcity, to increase consumers’ desire to purchase luxury goods.

Originality/value

The first novelty of this study is dividing scarcity marketing into limited-quantity and limited-time scarcity in the scarcity-expensiveness-desirability model. This study extends expensiveness in the scarcity-expensiveness-desirability model with a complete demonstration, that is, perceived social status, perceived uniqueness and perceived value, which is the second novelty of this study.

Details

Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-03-2020-0187
ISSN: 1355-5855

Keywords

  • Perceived uniqueness
  • Perceived value
  • Desirability
  • Limited-quantity scarcity
  • Limited-time scarcity
  • Perceived social status

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Article
Publication date: 5 December 2016

Attractiveness of discount rate versus limited quantity: The moderating effect of temporal distance

Hye Kyung Park, Bong-Sup Shin and Jong-Ho Huh

This paper aims to examine how the temporal distance can influence the effect of the scarcity message. To demonstrate this effect, the authors use the limited-quantity…

Open Access
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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how the temporal distance can influence the effect of the scarcity message. To demonstrate this effect, the authors use the limited-quantity flash sales and compare two types of mixed promotion method comprising discount rate and limited quantity.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of the experiment reveal that consumers in the temporally distant condition have a relatively high-level construal of the limited-quantity flash sales and are more likely to value desirability (discount rate) over feasibility (limited quantity).

Findings

When the expected value is identical, consumers prefer limited-quantity flash sales with smaller limited quantity but higher discount rates. However, consumers in the temporally near condition have a relatively low-level construal of the limited-quantity flash sales and are more likely to value feasibility (limited quantity) over desirability (discount rate).

Originality/value

When the expected value is identical, consumers prefer limited-quantity flash sales with lower discount rates but larger limited quantity.

Details

Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, vol. 10 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-12-2016-001
ISSN: 2071-1395

Keywords

  • Limited-supply flash sale
  • Discount rate
  • Limited quantity
  • Desirability/feasibility
  • Temporal distance

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Article
Publication date: 3 October 2019

The role of tie strength in bank credit card referral reward programs with scarcity messages

Chanho Song, Tuo Wang, Haakon T. Brown and Michael Y. Hu

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how referral reward programs (RRPs) utilizing scarcity messages influence bank credit holders’ referrals to and adoptions by…

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Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how referral reward programs (RRPs) utilizing scarcity messages influence bank credit holders’ referrals to and adoptions by close or distant friends.

Design/methodology/approach

A 2×2 experiment is implemented with 760 consumers solicited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk worker panel. Logit transformation and general linear models are used to test the proposed hypotheses.

Findings

Results showed that offering RRPs with limited available referrals (quantity scarcity) increases the overall number of referrals to and adoptions by close and distant friends. The percent of strong ties also increases with RRPs. As quantity scarcity is relaxed, the percentages of referrals to and adoptions by close friends decrease.

Originality/value

The inclusion of tie strength with scarcity framing greatly enhances our understanding of the effectiveness of RRPs for bank credit cards. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research attempt on this topic.

Details

International Journal of Bank Marketing, vol. 38 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-02-2019-0070
ISSN: 0265-2323

Keywords

  • Relationship marketing
  • Credit card
  • Promotion
  • Scarcity messages
  • Referral rewards

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