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This research divided expectations into three timeframes based on expectancy theory – short-, medium- and long-term. The incentive-motivation structures of government tourism officers were identified by these timeframes and the effects of incentives on job engagement, performance and satisfaction were investigated.

A survey was conducted in 31 provinces of China, and a total of 650 responses were used for data analysis after removing invalid surveys. The statistical analysis techniques adopted were confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that: realistic motivations, career prospects and “macro-vision” were the motivational factors of tourism officers in the short-, medium- and long-term, respectively; incentives positively predicted tourism officer job engagement, performance and satisfaction; and job engagement and performance mediated the influence of incentives on job satisfaction.

The main limitation was that the respondents were from 31 provinces in China, and there may be regional and local differences due to the unique and complex geographic and social conditions, as well as dissimilar economic development levels and administrative systems.

Public sector tourism departments must recognize tourism officer needs and motivations in the short-, medium- and long-term and develop tailored incentive programs.

Based on expectancy theory across different timeframes, this research identified the incentive-motivation structure and its effect on Chinese destination management organization officers and potentially provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of this administrative incentive system.

基于期望理论, 本研究将期望区分成短期、中期和长期三个时间尺度。据此, 本研究识别了政府旅游官员的激励需求和和动力结构, 并验证其对旅游官员工作投入、工作绩效和工作满意度的影响。

本研究面向中国31个省市自治区展开问卷调查。在剔除无效问卷后, 总共搜集650份有效问卷进行数据分析。本研究采用了验证性因子分析、相关分析和结构方程模型等数据分析技术。

研究结果发现：（1）现实激励、职业前景和宏观愿景是目的地政府官员在短期、中期和长期等不同期望结构层次的动力因素; （2）这些动力因素正向影响旅游官员工作投入、工作绩效和工作满意度; （3）工作投入和工作绩效中介了上述激励因素对工作满意度的影响。

本研究的主要研究局限在于问卷数据覆盖中国31个省市自治区, 但中国具有复杂的国情, 地区经济发展水平、行政管理体制也不尽相同, 因此基于特定地区的具体分析可能得出具有差异性的研究结论。

目的地政府部门应当客观认知到旅游官员在短期、中长期和长期三个期望层次的激励需求, 并针对性地设计和提供激励方案。

本研究首次基于期望理论识别了不同时间尺度下目的地政府部门旅游官员的动力结构及其效应, 为优化中国目的地政府旅游官员激励体系提供了理论基础和实证证据。

En base de la teoría de las expectativas, esta estudio divide las expectativas en tres escalas de tiempo: plazo corto, plazo mediano y plazo largo. Con base en esto, este estudio identifica las necesidades de incentivos y la estructura motivacional de los funcionarios de turismo del gobierno, y verifica su impacto en la contribución, el desempeño y la satisfacción laboral de los funcionarios de turismo.

Este estudio realiz una encuesta por cuestionario para 31 provincias de China. Después de excluir los cuestionarios no válidos, se recopilan un total de 650 cuestionarios válidos para el análisis de datos. Este estudio utiliza técnicas de análisis de datos como el análisis factorial confirmatorio, el análisis de correlación y el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales.

Los resultados mostraron que: (1) Los incentivos realistas, las perspectivas de carrera y las visiones macro son los factores impulsores de los funcionarios del gobierno de destino en diferentes niveles de expectativa a plazo corto, mediano y largo; (2) Estos los factores impulsores están afectando positivamente el aporte de trabajo, el desempeño laboral y la satisfacción laboral de los funcionarios de turismo; y (3) Los aportes laborales y el rendimiento laboral median la influencia de los factores impulsores anteriores en la satisfacción laboral.

La muestra de este estudio cubre 31 provincias, municipios y regiones autónomas en China, pero China tiene condiciones nacionales complejas, los niveles de desarrollo económico regional y los sistemas administrativos son diferentes. Por lo tanto, los análisis basados en regiones específicas pueden lograr diferentes conclusiones de estudio.

El departamento gubernamental del destino debe reconocer objetivamente las necesidades de incentivos de los funcionarios de turismo en los tres niveles esperados a plazo corto, plazo mediano y largo y plazo largo, y diseñar y proporcionar programas de incentivos de manera específica.

este estudio identifica la estructura dinámica y los efectos de los funcionarios de turismo en los departamentos gubernamentales de destino en diferentes escalas de tiempo basando en la teoría de las expectativas por primera vez, y proporciona una base teórica y evidencia empírica para optimizar el sistema de incentivos de los funcionarios de turismo del gobierno de destino en China.

This article is a commentary on The “Global Implications of the Indigenous Epistemological System from the East: How to Apply Yin-Yang Balancing to Paradox Management” (Li, 2016), which is a timely and important piece. Li (2016) offers epistemological insights into what Yin-Yang is, why Yin-Yang can serve as a guiding frame of thinking, and how to apply this frame of thinking to paradoxical issues to organizations that compete in a complex cross cultural world. Western management philosophies and perspectives have dominated the mainstream theories in organization and management around the world over the past five decades, paying very limited attention and appreciation to Eastern philosophies that exist already for over 2500 years (e.g., 551–479 BC’s Confucianism). In this commentary, we added more explanations, suggesting that given intensified complex and competing needs to fulfil for today’s businesses, the indigenous Eastern epistemological wisdom of Yin-Yang balancing is an important guide to understand paradoxes and tensions. Yin-Yang balancing provides a holistic comprehension concerning our complex reality. It treats two opposite elements of any paradox as partial trade-off as well as partial synergy within a spectrum of holistic and dynamic balancing. We reinforce that the duality perspective has good potential to help us better understand the process of a multitude of conflictual and competing needs organizations must simultaneously accomplish. This potential is deemed to work not merely for firms competing in the East or other developing countries but can extend to organizations, large or small, in the West or developed countries as well.

This commentary echoes Li’s point (2016) that Yin-Yang balancing has significant and extensive applications when a growing number of organizations, local and foreign, are compelled to become ambidextrous when facing complex new business realities and having to deal with intensified competing needs they have to simultaneously, interactively and dynamically satisfy. This commentary discusses some distinctive characteristics of Eastern philosophies, followed by articulation of some critical lacuna, we think, concerning the Yin-Yang duality that should be answered. In this commentary, we amplify Li’s main points, along with our suggested agenda for future research that can further develop Yin-Yang balancing to a theory of managing paradox.

Eastern philosophies have long been dominated by five pillars or five schools of mastery thoughts originating mainly from China – Confucianism (Ru Jia), Taoism (Tao Jia), Legalism (Fa Jia), Militarism (Bing Jia), and Buddhism (Fu Jia). The Yin-Yang philosophy is one of the central notions of Taoism which teaches us how to act in accordance with nature. Founded by Laozi and Zhuangzhi, Taoism is rooted in an understanding of the “way” (i.e., Tao), which is the shapeless force that brings all things into existence and then nurtures them. That is, Tao means the natural course, which is spontaneous, eternal, nameless, and indescribable. Unlike Confucianism, Taoism favors philosophical anarchism and pluralism. Tao manifests itself through natural principles or philosophies, including Yin-Yang duality, circular nature of changes, wu-wei (natural course of action), and harmony with internal and external environments.

We endorse Li's view (2016) that Western and Eastern management philosophies have their respective strengths and weaknesses, neither one alone is sufficient to manage all types of problems. Thus, a better solution is the one that can integrate Eastern and Western epistemological systems into a geocentric meta-system. The world is entering into a globally-interconnected era, requiring both the organic complexity and ambiguity and the mechanistic simplicity and clarity. Increased global interconnectivity accentuates complexity and interdependence while increased competition fortifies dynamism and uncertainty. This will cause more, not less, paradoxes than before. To this end, Yin-Yang balancing is an audacious and judicious frame of thinking toward paradoxes because this philosophy embodies a unique ability to address the key challenges of ambiguity, complexity, and uncertainty and embraces multiplicity, diversity and inter-penetrability.

After centuries of Western economic dominance, China, India and the rest of the East, alongside emerging economies more broadly, are beginning to challenge the West for positions of global industry leadership. At a deeper level, the transformation from “West Leads East” to “West Meets East” heralds the need for ambidextrous or ambicultural thinking: making simultaneous use of opposites, or simultaneously balancing seemingly contradictory forces and needs, such as efficiency and flexibility, competition and cooperation, stability and adaptation, exploitation and exploration, global and local, privatization and state-ownership, market-based and relationship-based strategies, individualism and collectivism, and long-term and short-term

Enlightened by Yin-Yang balancing, there is a great potential of co-evolution, convergence and co-reinforcement of different philosophies. It will not be easy for any single study to reveal a roadmap for this, but it is feasible for the management research community to finally make the trip with our continuous and collective efforts. Some Western management theories, such as organizational ambidexterity, loose coupling, collaborative competitive advantage, co-opetition, transnational solution (integrated global integration and local responsiveness), to name a few, share some core values of Yin-Yang balancing, even though such sharing has never been articulated explicitly. Similar to the same difficulty facing any other philosophies to be transformed into actionable theories, we have a long journey to navigate in quest for extending Yin-Yang balancing to a universally accepted theory of managing paradoxes. Li’s article (2016) sheds much light for us to forge ahead to this direction.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of carbon permit allocation rules (grandfathering mechanism and benchmarking mechanism) on incentive contracts provided by the retailer to encourage the manufacturer to invest more in reducing carbon emissions.

The authors consider a two-echelon supply chain in which the retailer offers three contracts (wholesale price contract, cost-sharing contract and revenue-sharing contract) to the manufacturer. Based on the two carbon permit allocation rules, i.e. grandfathering mechanism and benchmarking mechanism, six scenarios are examined. The optimal price and carbon emission reduction decisions and members’ equilibrium profits under six scenarios are analyzed and compared.

The results suggest that the revenue-sharing contract can more effectively stimulate the manufacturer to reduce carbon emissions compared to the cost-sharing contract. The cost-sharing contract can help to achieve the highest environmental performance, whereas the implementation of revenue-sharing contract can attain the highest social welfare. The benchmarking mechanism is more effective for the government to prompt the manufacturer to produce low-carbon products than the grandfathering mechanism. Although a loose carbon policy can expand the total emissions, it can improve the social welfare.

These results can provide operational insights for the retailer in how to use incentive contract to encourage the manufacturer to curb carbon emissions and offer managerial insights for the government to make policy decisions on carbon permit allocation rules.

This paper contributes to the literature regarding to firm’s carbon emissions reduction decisions under cap-and-trade policy and highlights the importance of carbon permit allocation methods in curbing carbon emissions.

The purpose of this paper is to set out a study of the film‐forming characteristics of octadecylamine (ODA), estimate the feasibility of shutdown protection using ODA at high temperatures, and determine the optimum process condition of shutdown protection for units under full load if ODA has a good film‐forming effect at high temperatures.

An autoclave was used to simulate the water‐vapor environments at 350‐560°C in the water‐steam system of power plants. The decomposition test of ODA was investigated and the ODA film‐forming characteristics were studied for furnace tube materials used in gas‐fired power plants.

Results showed that ODA had a decomposition equilibrium and the decomposition products did not contain harmful organic substances such as low molecular organic acids. ODA would form a satisfactory protective film in the range of 350‐560°C with the best film at 480°C. The protection effect of the film formed by ODA at 560°C was much stronger than was that of its oxide film, which showed the feasibility of shutdown protection using ODA for gas‐fired power plants operating under full load. The optimal conditions of shutdown protection under full load were as follows: the temperature was 560°C, the concentration of ODA was 80 mg/L, the pH was 9.5 and the exposure time was 2 h. From the experimental results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was known that the surface film on the specimens was composed of a compound of ferroferric oxide and ODA, and the film‐forming mechanism was chemical adsorption between N in the ODA and Fe.

It was found that ODA has a good film‐forming effect at high temperatures and it is practicable to implement shutdown protection for base‐load units. The research results can provide theoretical guidelines for shutdown protection of gas‐fired power plants.

Current literature presents limited measurement methods of quantifying manufacturers' performance with environmental concerns. The purpose of this paper is to construct a company performance index for benchmarking motor vehicle manufacturers (MVMs) with environmental concerns.

Methods of constructing the index include regression analysis, a modified linear method for normalizing variables and a geometric mean for aggregating variables into a single index I_MVM (index for MVMs). A case study is conducted in 12 MVMs from 2008 to 2017. A sensitivity analysis with the simple additive weighting method is performed to analyze how different aggregation methods affect the final value. The index I_MVM is assessed through a benchmark with three existing indices.

Three realistic considerations are identified from MVMs, based on which proper and transparent methods are chosen to construct the I_MVM. The construction of the index I_MVM has been assessed through a benchmark against the methodologies of three other indices. The results indicate that the new measurement is feasible and effective for MVMs to measure their company performance from an environmental perspective.

The construction of the index I_MVM can support policymakers with accurate statistics for decision-making. As a response to current imperative climate policies, this paper raises awareness of CO₂ emissions in vehicles' production. For statistical organizations and stakeholders in the investment world, this paper provides available and reliable statistics for trend analysis of different MVMs.

A new method is designed for constructing a company performance index for MVMs. Three environmental variables are identified based on literature, their environmental impact as well as their data availability from public documents. A ranking by manufacturer with environmental concerns is generated. This index can contribute with available statistics and useful insights toward decision-making.

This paper aims to highlight recent resources on information literacy (IL) and library instruction, providing an introductory overview and a selected annotated bibliography of publications covering all library types.

This paper introduces and annotates English-language periodical articles, monographs, dissertations and other materials on library instruction and IL published in 2015.

This paper provides information about each source, describes the characteristics of current scholarship and highlights sources that contain either unique or significant scholarly contributions.

The information may be used by librarians and interested parties as a quick reference to literature on library instruction and IL.

Using Generation Z consumers from China as an example and focusing on the nostalgia-driven design of brand spokes-character, this study sought to update research on the causal relationship between nostalgia and brand attitude for younger consumers. Two types of nostalgic brand spokes-characters (i.e., eliciting personal nostalgia and historical nostalgia) were examined separately and compared to verify their contributions to more positive brand attitude, as well as related mechanisms, that is, whether consumer trust in the spokes-character mediated the relationship between nostalgic spokes-characters and brand attitude.

An experiment was first conducted to test the causal effects of brand spokes-characters designed to elicit two types of nostalgic feelings (i.e., personal nostalgia and historical nostalgia). Then, the authors investigated the influencing mechanism of nostalgic brand spokes-characters based on bootstrap mediation models.

The results revealed that for less familiar brand spokes-characters, either type of nostalgia-driven design would enhance consumers' brand attitude. Moreover, consumer trust in the spokes-character mediated the relationship between personal-nostalgic brand spokes-characters and brand attitude.

This study was the first to examine personal nostalgia and historical nostalgia separately regarding the effects of nostalgic spokes-characters and related mechanisms. By combining methods of experimental design and bootstrap mediation modeling, it provided a more robust evaluation of nostalgia-driven design, and supported using certain nostalgic styles for designing brand spokes-characters, which can help modern brands draw more interest from young consumers and promote more positive brand attitude.