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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1999

On fuzzy recognizers

D.S. Malik and John N. Mordeson

In this paper, we define and examine the concept of a fuzzy recognizer. If L(M) is the language recognized by an incomplete fuzzy recognizer M, we show that there is a…

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Abstract

In this paper, we define and examine the concept of a fuzzy recognizer. If L(M) is the language recognized by an incomplete fuzzy recognizer M, we show that there is a completion M of M such that L(M) = L(M). We also show that if A is a recognizable set of words, then there is a complete accessible fuzzy recognizer MA such that L(MA) = A. We lay groundwork to determine rational decompositions of recognizable sets.

Details

Kybernetes, vol. 28 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03684929910253234
ISSN: 0368-492X

Keywords

  • Cybernetics
  • Fuzzy sets
  • Language

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Article
Publication date: 29 October 2020

Public investment and inclusive growth in Africa

Opeoluwa Adeniyi Adeosun, Philip Akanni Olomola, Adebayo Adedokun and Olumide Steven Ayodele

The increasing debate on the viability of broad-based productive employment in stimulating the participatory tendencies of growth makes it instructive to inquire how the…

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Abstract

Purpose

The increasing debate on the viability of broad-based productive employment in stimulating the participatory tendencies of growth makes it instructive to inquire how the African “Big Five” have fared in their quests to ensure growth inclusiveness through public investment-led fiscal policy.

Design/methodology/approach

Time varying structures and nonlinearities in the government investment series are captured through the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag, asymmetric impulse responses and variance decomposition estimation techniques.

Findings

Study findings show that positive investment shocks stimulate growth inclusiveness by enabling access to opportunities through job creation and productive employment for the populace; this result is evident for Morocco and Algeria. However, there is a non-negligible evidence that shocks due to decline in the government investment manifest in insufficient capital stocks and limited investment opportunities, impede access to opportunities by the populace, hinder labour employability and make growth less inclusive. Furthermore, all short-run findings corroborate long-run results regarding the reaction of inclusive growth to positive investment shocks with the exclusion of South Africa; which, unlike its long-run finding, shows that shocks due to increases in investment can foster growth inclusiveness. Also, in respect to short-run negative investment shocks, Nigeria is the only country that does not align its long-run findings.

Practical implications

That public investment shocks make or mar inclusive growth effectiveness shows the need for appropriate fiscal policy consolidation and automatic stabilization guidelines to ensure buffers against shocks and to enhance government investment generation efficiency for a sustainable inclusive growth process that is more participatory in Africa.

Originality/value

This study is the first to accommodate possibilities of shocks in the inclusivity of growth analysis for the five biggest African economies which jointly account for over half of the recorded growth in the continent. As such, there is quantitative evidence that government investment is a potent determinant of growth inclusiveness and it is susceptible to structural changes and time variation of shocks.

Details

International Journal of Social Economics, vol. 47 no. 12
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-05-2020-0333
ISSN: 0306-8293

Keywords

  • Public investment
  • Productive employment
  • Fiscal policy
  • Inclusive growth
  • Asymmetry
  • Africa
  • E62
  • H54
  • O4
  • O55
  • Q00

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Book part
Publication date: 20 November 2018

On the Historical Roots of Natural Capital in the Writings of Carl Linnaeus

C. Tyler DesRoches

No longer do resource economists merely regard nature as a collection of inert materials to be improved by human labor and manufactured capital; rather, nature is, to an…

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Abstract

No longer do resource economists merely regard nature as a collection of inert materials to be improved by human labor and manufactured capital; rather, nature is, to an increasing extent, taken to be a mindless producer of economically valuable ecosystem goods and services. Instances of natural capital are frequently said to produce such goods and services in a manner that is relatively detached from human agency. This article argues that, historically, the idea of nature as a systematic original producer capable of self-generation is hardly novel. The eighteenth-century roots of this idea can be found in the writings of Carl Linnaeus who depicted the whole Earth and all of its productions as the “oeconomy of nature.”

Details

Including a Symposium on Latin American Monetary Thought: Two Centuries in Search of Originality
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0743-41542018000036C006
ISBN: 978-1-78756-431-2

Keywords

  • Natural capital
  • nature
  • Physiocrats
  • Linnaeus
  • ecosystem goods and services; oeconomy of nature
  • B11
  • B12
  • Q00
  • Q57

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Book part
Publication date: 12 January 2016

Impact of Remittance on Food Security in Bangladesh

Madhav Regmi and Krishna P. Paudel

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the food security situation in Bangladesh based on 2011/2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey data using two commonly…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the food security situation in Bangladesh based on 2011/2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey data using two commonly measured food security indicators: Food Consumption Score (FCS) and Household Hunger Scale (HHS).

Methodology/approach

The dependent variable in the model is a categorical variable representing different scales of food security as obtained from the FCS and HHS indicators. These categorical variables are explained by annual remittances received by the households; the demographic characteristics (age, gender, literacy level, and occupation) of the household head; and total monthly income from agricultural and non-agricultural wages using ordered probit regression models.

Findings

Results indicated that remittances play an important role in improving the food security of households. Other significant variables in the model were income earned outside of the farm, male-operated household, and literacy. Increasing income from other than the agricultural sector significantly raises the probability of a household being food secure.

Practical implications

The Government of Bangladesh should make the agriculture sector stronger at all levels of the value chain. Additionally, providing income generation opportunities for households outside of the farm can be used as a diversification measure to achieve food security within the country.

Details

Food Security in a Food Abundant World
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1574-871520150000016006
ISBN: 978-1-78560-215-3

Keywords

  • Bangladesh
  • food consumption score
  • food security
  • household hunger score
  • remittance
  • O10
  • Q00
  • Q18

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Article
Publication date: 8 January 2018

The importance of off-farm employment for smallholder farmers in Rwanda

Ildephonse Musafiri and Pär Sjölander

Based on unique data the authors analyze the Rwandan non-farm employment expansion in rural areas and its relation to agricultural productivity. The purpose of this paper…

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Abstract

Purpose

Based on unique data the authors analyze the Rwandan non-farm employment expansion in rural areas and its relation to agricultural productivity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine off-farm work hours in Rwanda, and how farmers’ off-farm employment affects agricultural output. Since production efficiency may depend on off-farm work and off-farm work depend on production efficiency (Lien et al., 2010), both production and off-farm work are endogenous. While controlling for endogeneity, the authors investigate the relationship between off-farm work and agricultural production.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper the authors use a unique panel data set spanning over 26 years originating from household surveys conducted in the northwest and densely populated districts of Rwanda. Econometric estimations are based on a random effects two-stage Tobit model to control for endogeneity.

Findings

The study confirms theoretical and empirical findings from other developing countries that off-farm employment is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa.

Research limitations/implications

The study is carried out in only one district of Rwanda. Even though most rural areas in Rwanda have similar features the findings cannot necessarily be generalized for the entire country of Rwanda. As in any study, the raw data set suffer from a number of shortcomings which cannot be fully eliminated by the econometric estimation, but this is a new data set which has the best data available for this research question in Rwanda.

Practical implications

The authors can conclude that there are synergy effects of investing government resources into both on-farm and off-farm employment expansions. Thus, in Rwanda on-farm investments can actually partly contribute to a future natural smooth transformation to more off-farm total output and productivity and vice versa. Though there are still limited off-farm employment opportunities in the studied area, there are considerable potentials to generate income and increase agricultural production through the purchase of additional inputs.

Social implications

The findings imply that a favorable business climate for off-farm businesses creates spill-over effects which enhance the smallholder farmers’ opportunities to survive, generate wealth, create employment and in effect reduce poverty.

Originality/value

From the best of the authors’ knowledge, similar studies have not been conducted in Rwanda, nor elsewhere with this type of data set. The findings provide original insights regarding off-farm and agricultural relationships in rural areas under dense population pressure. The results provide some indications that off-farm employment in developing countries (such as Rwanda) is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. The second wave of data was collected by the authors and was used solely for the purpose of this paper.

Details

Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 45 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-07-2016-0129
ISSN: 0144-3585

Keywords

  • Rwanda
  • Agricultural economics
  • Labour economics
  • Q00
  • J40

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Article
Publication date: 13 November 2017

Does coffee production reduce poverty? Evidence from Uganda

Swaibu Mbowa, Tonny Odokonyero, Tony Muhumuza and Ezra Munyambonera

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of coffee production on poverty among smallholder farmers.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of coffee production on poverty among smallholder farmers.

Design/methodology/approach

National Household Survey data for Uganda were triangulated with qualitative field data. A mix of propensity score matching (PSM) and quantile treatment effect techniques was employed.

Findings

The results reveal a significant effect of coffee production on poverty reduction, through incremental household consumption expenditure. Households engaged in coffee production are associated with a lower incidence of poverty. The interesting evidence suggests that coffee production is a pro-poor intervention. These findings are confirmed by qualitative assessment that reveals farmers’ welfare improved to greater extent to satisfactory levels from coffee income.

Research limitations/implications

Econometrically robust strategies were employed to ensure minimal estimation bias; however, the authors are mindful of PSM limitation of selection on observables.

Originality/value

This paper is part of a limited body of literature that combines quantitative and qualitative assessment, a growing issue in contemporary research. In addition to employing one of the conventional impact evaluation techniques, the paper accounts for heterogeneity in the effects of coffee production.

Details

Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, vol. 7 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-01-2016-0004
ISSN: 2044-0839

Keywords

  • Africa
  • Uganda
  • Developing countries
  • Treatment effect
  • Coffee production
  • Propensity scores
  • A10
  • O12
  • Q00

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Article
Publication date: 3 September 2018

Promoting value addition among farmers in the cassava food value chain in Nigeria

Emmanuel Donkor, Stephen Onakuse, Joe Bogue and Ignacio de los Rios Carmenado

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of the determinants of farmer participation in value addition through cassava processing in Nigeria.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of the determinants of farmer participation in value addition through cassava processing in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employs the probit model to analyse the determinants of farmer participation in value addition whereas the Tobit model is used to investigate the determinants of the extent of producer’s involvement in value addition using a data set of 400 cassava farmers drawn from the Oyo State of Nigeria.

Findings

The findings further indicate that among other factors, human capital factors including farmer age and location variable tend to reduce farmer participation in value addition through processing whereas experience and record keeping promote farmer participation in cassava processing. Institutional variables, notably membership of farmer association, extension access and credit access, enhance farmer participation in value addition. Finally, ownership of a radio set, a television set and access to electricity strengthen the value-adding capacity of farmers.

Research limitations/implications

This study only considers the determinants of producers’ participation in cassava processing but does not explicitly analyse the impact of value addition on their profit margin. This issue would form a basis for future research to enhance knowledge in the extant literature.

Practical implications

The study suggests that if the value-adding capacity of farmers is strengthened, rural economy is likely to be improved upon through the proliferation of rural food processing enterprises.

Originality/value

Despite the relevance of developing food value chains in Africa and integrating farmers in them, there are limited studies on promoting value addition among farmers. This study contributes to narrowing this knowledge gap.

Details

British Food Journal, vol. 120 no. 9
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2018-0030
ISSN: 0007-070X

Keywords

  • Africa
  • Cassava
  • Food value chain
  • Probit
  • Rural development
  • Rural farmers
  • Tobit
  • Value addition
  • Q00
  • Q10
  • Q16
  • Q19

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Article
Publication date: 1 May 1994

Introduction of the digital signal processing methodology (DSPM) for time integration

I. Antoniadis and A. Kanarachos

Although the existence of a close relationship between the areas ofdigital signal processing and time integration methodology is known, asystematic application of the…

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Abstract

Although the existence of a close relationship between the areas of digital signal processing and time integration methodology is known, a systematic application of the concepts and methods of the first area to the second is missing. Such an approach is followed in this paper, arising from the fact that any time integration formula can be viewed as a digital filter of the applied excitation force, approximating as close as possible to the behaviour of a ‘prototype analogue filter’, which is in fact the semi discrete equations of motion of the system. This approach provides a universal framework for handling and analysing all various aspects of time integration formulae, such as analysis in the frequency domain, algebraic operations, accuracy and stability, aliasing, spurious oscillations generation, introduction of digital filters within the time integration formula, initial conditions handling and overshooting. Additionally it is shown that digital signal processing methods, such as pre‐ or post‐processing, time delays, etc. can be in certain cases a quite effective complement of the time integration scheme.

Details

Engineering Computations, vol. 11 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02644409410799371
ISSN: 0264-4401

Keywords

  • Digital signal processing methodology
  • Time integration

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Article
Publication date: 12 February 2018

An overview of ICD medical classification for the information professional

H. Frank Cervone

Informatics work introduces information professionals to taxonomies and other classification systems outside the boundaries of traditional bibliographic systems. This…

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Abstract

Purpose

Informatics work introduces information professionals to taxonomies and other classification systems outside the boundaries of traditional bibliographic systems. This paper aims to provide an overview of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) for informaticians and information professionals who may not have worked with the system previously.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the author reviews the purpose, history, current use and future trends of the ICD classification system.

Findings

ICD is used globally as a standard vocabulary for medical diagnoses and, in the USA, for medical procedures in hospitals. Understanding the classification system is vital to working with clinical medical data.

Originality/value

The ICD classification system is not commonly used by information professionals. This paper provides a brief overview that will familiarize the information professional with the standard and its uses related to medical practice.

Details

Digital Library Perspectives, vol. 34 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-10-2017-0037
ISSN: 2059-5816

Keywords

  • Health data standard
  • Health data taxonomies
  • Health informatics
  • ICD-10
  • International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems
  • Medical data vocabularies

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