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Mobility processes, the routines that organizations use to move employees into and across jobs, are a critical determinant of the way that human capital is allocated within organizations and careers developed. Most existing work on these mobility processes has examined processes in which mobility is tightly coupled to the filling of vacancies. There is substantial evidence, though, that many organizations adopt very different processes for managing mobility. In this theory chapter, I compare vacancy-based, “job-pull” systems with alternative, “person-push” systems in which mobility is keyed to employees' attainment of performance and skill thresholds to explain how and why mobility processes vary. I identify two, inter-related dimensions along which mobility processes vary: whether their decision processes emphasize the need to match employees to tasks versus providing predictable rewards; and whether the system of jobs that people move between prioritizes flexibility or control of agency costs. I use these dimensions to predict when organizations will adopt different mobility processes, and how those processes will affect employees' mobility.

As business globalisation and internet usage continue to grow, the internet‐based version of data warehouse systems (DWS) is expected to improve traditional DWS. However applying the web‐based interfaces to client‐server‐based DWS structures may cause problems such as inflexibility, inefficiency, loss of scalability, and threats to security. These arise due to the complexity of manipulation and management of heterogeneous data with various categories of decisional tasks. This paper seeks to develop a flexible mechanism by applying Extensible Markup Language as a foundation for an internet‐based DWS and to overcome the weaknesses of solely client‐server‐based DWS architecture.

For better control and security the proposed architecture utilises an embedded pull‐push mechanism to propagate the distributed decision information. This research also justifies the feasibility of the proposed mechanism by implementing a prototype, evaluating its performance, and conducting a real business case study.

The results indicate that the mechanism can not only improve DWS scalability and efficiency, but also enhance security.

The proposed architecture provides a support mechanism for business intelligence to efficiently and flexibly help companies make the right decisions in real time, grasp business opportunities and gain competitive advantage.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivation of the attendees of the Annual Meeting of the Serbian Association of Seniors. The research aims to segment the senior participants according to their push and pull motivations for attending association meetings, by using cluster analysis to understand the role of destination personality in the segmentation process.

The questionnaire, based on a seven-point Likert scale, was distributed among representatives and members of the Association of Pensioners of Serbia. The data collected were assessed with the use of SPSS 21 statistical software.

The results of the study reveal the most important push and pull motives that drive senior citizens to take part in this type of event. It has also provided a better understanding of senior business event participants in relation to destination personality.

The data were collected from 124 questionnaires. In order to provide a more detailed insight into the senior citizens’ motivation to participate in events, a larger sample would be required.

The research findings provide valuable information about senior business event visitor behaviour, which is of high importance for destination marketers and managers.

Nowadays, business events motivation research is generally focussed on middle-aged and young attendees, so insight into the perception of senior citizens related to business event motivation provides a further understanding of this specific consumer segment. Additionally, gaining insight into seniors’ perspectives related to participation in association meetings after retiring from work assists in comprehending the complex nature of their motivation to participate in these types of business events, as well as underlining the fact that senior business event attendees have been, up until this point, largely neglected as a group in terms of similar research.

This study explores how entrepreneurs modify their financial path(s) and go beyond job security to attain greater financial freedom. The present work examines the cash-flow quadrant (CFQ) attributes and demonstrates the importance of the push-pull factors for an individual's quadrant transition in achieving financial freedom.

A hypothetical model and an abductive approach were used through regression models in a population sample of 260 Bahraini entrepreneurs. Fuzzy participatory cognitive mapping was also used to develop a conceptual model of financial path transition's decision making among entrepreneurs and study the impact of certain push-pull factors on the entrepreneurs' decisions.

The triangulated study identifies six categories of variables: financial freedom, workplace condition, independence, salary level, family life-building and retirement savings as key pull-push factors that significantly impact financial path transition's decision. Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) extends our knowledge of the dynamics of CFQ transitions from a push-pull factor perspective. The results indicate no significant differences between the variables listed in the regression model and the fuzzy cognitive map model. Four categories of pull-push factors appeared as the entrepreneurs' top rankings when ordered by complexity, centrality scores and impact weight. These categories were workplace conditions, financial freedom, independence and salary level. The findings widen the scope of knowledge of each quadrant and rationalize how and why such factors impact quadrant decisions among Bahraini entrepreneurs.

Many studies discuss the CFQ model and consider its quadrants a specific method for identifying a unique financial path to generate income. A shifting quadrant occurs when individuals want to change their financial path and move beyond job security to achieve more financial freedom. Although this transition is well-established in the literature, the factors accounting for the individual's transition across quadrants have not received enough attention. This study fills this gap and calls for more in-depth investigations of this area to better understand the dynamics of CFQ transitions from a push-pull factor perspective.

Many failures of aircraft structural components in the past were attributed to cracks emanating from joints, which are identified as the most critical locations. In cases using the recently emerging structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, continuous monitoring needs be carried out at many major joint locations. The purpose of this paper is to develop computational techniques for fastener joints, including the possible change in contact conditions and change in boundary values at the pin-hole interface. These techniques are used for the prognostic analysis of pin-loaded lug joints with rigid/elastic pin subjected to fatigue loading by estimating the residual life of the component at any given instance to assist the SHM systems.

Straight attachment lug joints with rigid/elastic push-fit pin and smooth pin-hole interface are modelled in commercial software MSC PATRAN. In each case, the joint is subjected to various types of fatigue load cycles, and for each type of cycles, the critical locations and the stress concentrations are identified from the stress analysis. Later, for each type of fatigue cycle, the number of cycles required for crack initiation is estimated. A small crack is located at these points, and the number of cycles required to reach the critical length when unstable crack growth occurs is also computed. The novelty in the analysis of life estimations is that it takes into account possible changes in contact conditions at the pin-hole interface during load reversals in fatigue loading.

The current work on fastener joints brings out the way the load reversals leading to change in contact conditions (consequently changing boundary conditions) are handled during fatigue loading on a push-fit joint. The novel findings are the effect of the size of the hole/lug width, elasticity of the material and the type of load cycles on the fatigue crack initiation and crack growth life. Given other parameters constant, bigger size hole and stiffer pin lead to lesser life. Under load controlled fatigue cycles, pull load contributes to significant part of fatigue life.

The analysis considers the changing contact conditions at the pin-hole interface during fatigue cycles with positive and negative stress ratios. The results presented in this paper are of value to the life prediction of structural joints for various load cycles (for both pull-pull cases, in which the load ratios are positive, and pull-push cycles, where the load ratios are negative). The prognostic data can be used to effectively monitor the critical locations with joints for SHM applications.

Drawing on and extending the push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework, this paper aims to empirically explore the influencing mechanism of traveler switching intention from the hotel reservation platforms to the sharing accommodation platforms (SAPs).

This study adopts structural equation modeling to analyze the 543 responses collected among hotel reservation platforms and SAPs travelers.

The results support the positive effect of both push factors (e.g. dissatisfaction with product, service and information quality of hotels on the hotel reservation platform) and pull factors (e.g. price value, authenticity, interaction, home benefits and novelty of SAPs) on traveler switching intention. Except for the negative effect of switching cost, other mooring factors including prior switching experience and social influence positively affect traveler switching intention. The authors also found the switching cost negatively and prior switching experience positively moderated the push effects on traveler switching intention, while the social influence positively moderated the pull effects on traveler switching intention.

Recommendations of future SAP participation research to consider the competing platforms, the unique experiences of SAPs and mooring factors. Examining the factors of different sources is also useful for practitioners to better understand travelers’ demands and to improve the overall welfare of travelers.

This paper embraces an extended PPM framework to explore traveler switching intention in online travel platforms. Moreover, this paper provides unique insights into the switching behavior from the hotel reservation platforms to the SAPs.

This paper aims to explore the concept of push and pull satisfaction and relates it with a uni-dimensional measure of satisfaction.

A factor structure is derived, comprising push and pull satisfaction factors which are related to the level of overall satisfaction. The empirical study was performed in Lisbon, one of the main cultural cities in Europe.

Results suggest that overall satisfaction reflects the tourist assessment of push and pull dimensions of satisfaction. Furthermore, results also demonstrate that satisfaction arose within the opportunity to experience the cultural and social specificities of a destination considering the appropriate facilities. Based on the study findings, implications for management and marketing are presented.

This study comprises various methodological limitations mainly concerning the sample size that was restricted to 323 cases as well as it only considers the cultural city of Lisbon. Thus, to improve and enhance the model, future works should consider a comparison between multiple cultural destinations. Future research may comprise a broader time window to undertake the possible variation of data.

This study represents a step forward to understand and predict tourist behaviour. Tourism scholars and practitioners should be aware that there is a need to consider further studies to develop more effective measurement scales to assess the considered constructs. For instance, the suggested assessment of overall satisfaction can be better to measure overall satisfaction by considering the idea of equity theory.

The study contributes to the literature in two major directions. First, the present study is one of few works that attempt to develop a scale to measure satisfaction issues through the use of an adaptation of push and pull motivations. Second, results demonstrate that all the factors present high loading values competing to explain overall satisfaction. Such empirical evidence has the value to propose that the functional attributes contribute to satisfy the most intrinsic desires of learning about a culture, art or even the famous traditional music Fado in a balance novelty. Thus, several attributes contributing to distinct factors are willing to be grouped under the same theoretical umbrella when tourists draw the evaluation of overall satisfaction, e.g. tangibles (entertainment) and intangibles (learn about music, art or museums).

The purpose of this study is to examine the escape motivations of the emerging market and provide suggestions for Australia’s promotion. This study adopts the push and pull framework to identify travel motivations of Emirati nationals to Australia.

This study uses a series of focus groups and in-depth interviews to understand the escape motivations that encourage Emiratis to leave their home country and travel to Australia for a holiday.

The results indicate that Emiratis are motivated to travel to Australia by three escape factors: physical, interpersonal and fun. The internal motivations that encourage Emiratis to escape their home country are inseparable from Australia’s external attributes that attract the Emiratis to the country.

The study contributes to the theory of tourist motivation by supporting it in the culturally different Muslim/Arab context, which has not been explored before. The authors argue that it is not so much what Australia offers and what escape needs the Emiratis can fulfil in Australia, but rather that Australia serves the Emiratis well and meets their escape needs.

The purpose of this paper is to reassess whether individuals choose to become self‐employed for “pull” or “push” reasons, to discuss and describe ambiguities in this distinction, with focus on differences between men and women, and draw conclusions for further conceptual work.

The paper reviews current literature, from which specific hypotheses are developed. For illustration and evaluation secondary analysis is undertaken of an existing large‐scale data source available in UK Quarterly Labour Force Surveys over the period 1999‐2001.

It was found that 86 per cent state only a single reason for self‐employment. Response patterns differ significantly between men and women. Independence is the most commonly cited motivation but 22 per cent of women cite family commitments. “Push” motivations may account for as much as 48 per cent depending on interpretation. Men who report two or more factors tend to combine “pull” factors, but women tend to combine “push” with “pull”.

Respondents may display recall bias. Potential ambiguity in the way in which respondents may interpret particular motivations points to the need for future detailed qualitative research, and questionnaire item development. Further work is recommended to assess whether conclusions hold in recent recessionary economic conditions.

Clarity between “push” and “pull” factors is important in the design of entrepreneurship policy, especially during a recession. Further work is needed to provide this clarity to inform policy design.

Few previous studies investigate reasons for choosing entrepreneurship using large, population‐generalisable data, and do not consider the conceptual ambiguities inherent in categorising motivations as either “pull” or “push”.

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting deposit withdrawal intentions among Moroccan profit-sharing investment account holders.

Applying the push-pull-mooring (PPM) theory, a quantitative survey, based on insights brought to light by a previous qualitative study, was developed and administered to 166 depositors from five participatory banks at branches located in Morocco. Structural equation modeling was then used to evaluate the significance of relationships between the various variables under study.

Empirical findings showed that the PPM model with a second-order construct structure exhibited a better representation of the observed variables as compared to a first-order factor model. The results of the structural analysis indicated a significant direct relationship between withdrawal intention and each of the PPM model constructs: push and pull factors were found to have a positive impact on withdrawal intention, while mooring factors had a significant inverse relationship with withdrawal intention. The results of this study also revealed that the moderating role of the mooring construct was found in both relationships between push and withdrawal intention and between pull and withdrawal intention.

The absence of a longitudinal study measuring the actual withdrawal behavior is the main limitation of this study. Furthermore, withdrawal intention was examined without differentiating between individual and corporate depositors. Finally, despite being insightful, the empirical findings should be generalized with caution, as the sample was purposely chosen by the banks’ management.

This study implied that participatory banks should stress the importance of mooring factors, as they strongly inhibit depositors’ intention to shift their funds to the conventional banking system. Moreover, this study provides great indications to Moroccan regulators and policymakers on a number of issues that can be used to develop policies that could improve the participatory banking system.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to confirm the effectiveness of the PPM model in examining depositor-withdrawal intentions. This study is also the first of its kind to address profit-sharing investment depositors’ apprehensions in the Moroccan context, to the best of the authors’ knowledge.