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Few studies address the gender of small business owners (SBO) and those that do report inconsistent results. These inconsistencies are related to a controversy regarding gender differences in management: Are men and women managers similar or different and why? Four theories address this question: evolutionary, psychoanalytic, social role, and social construction. The purpose of the paper is to test the contradictory predictions derived from these four theories in the case of men and women SBO in Israel.

A sample of 101 Israeli SBO responded to a specially designed questionnaire.

All four theories received some support. The findings that men SBO described themselves as more motivated by status and were more concerned with competition support evolutionary theory. The findings that the most SBO were first born and had fathers who were business owners support psychoanalytic theory. The findings that more women SBO did not serve in the army whereas more men were commanders support social role theory. However, the most overwhelming support was for social construction theory. In every aspect studied, gender similarities were far greater than the differences: in demographic characteristics, characteristics of work and of business, and motivation for starting it.

Future studies will need to replicate these findings with larger samples, other types of businesses, and different cultures.

For the training and support of women and men SBO.

The paper is theory‐driven focuses on a widely debated topic (gender differences in management) in the context of a particular group (SBO) and a particular culture (Israel).

A reciprocal relationship between fairy tales and psychoanalytic theories is at the heart of this chapter and the focus is on the mother's point of view in the well-known tale type ‘Snow White’ (ATU709), from an interdisciplinary viewpoint. ¹ This tale type deals with the mother–daughter relationship, on the change the mother goes through as her daughter reaches adolescence.

I have chosen to focus on versions deriving from a Muslim-Arab source, most of them archived in the Israel Folktale Archives (IFA). My assumption was that versions of this tale type could provide fertile ground for a deep look into motherhood and its representation in the psyche, and the subjective experience of mothers in face of their daughters' puberty in particular.

I have found that through creative means, this story depicts feminine experiences that psychoanalytic theory has not yet conceptualised. I divided the process undergone by mothers into three phases: (1) A defining moment (2) A fantasy of reversal (3) A new horizon for feminine development in adulthood.

In midlife, women experience physical, mental and social changes that can feel devastating at first and may lead to destructive reactions. However, the process described in this chapter exemplifies how women in general and mothers in particular can develop as they age from denial of reality and sorrow about the loss of their beauty, youth and fertility, to acceptance of the change and a realisation that there is room for further development as a woman and as a mother.

The Service User Network (SUN) follows the ethos of the therapeutic community and draws upon coping theory and psychoanalytic understanding of personality disorder to provide a supportive group-based resource to adults struggling to cope. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

The original SUN Project has been successfully replicated, with the further addition and integration of psychoanalytically – derived approaches to the treatment of personality disorder within that replication. The most notable theoretical additions come from the mentalization-based therapy model and the Independent School of Psychoanalysis. In this paper, the author expands the original description of the model to include these theoretical additions, together with a fuller account of the original tenets of the treatment paradigm than previously described.

This provides an outline of a network-based therapy (NETBT) as a first stage in manualizing the model, as well as extending its use to support adolescents.

Network-based therapy is a new, evolving group treatment for adolescents and adults struggling to cope.

The purpose of this paper is to propose voyeurism as one possible lens to analyse the experiential nature of dark tourism in places of socio‐political danger, thus expanding psychoanalytic understandings of those who travel to a “dark” place.

Freud's and Lacan's theories on voyeurism are used to examine the desire to travel to and gaze upon something that is (socially constructed as) forbidden, such as a place that is portrayed as being hostile to international tourists. A qualitative and critical analysis approach is employed to examine one tourist's experience of travelling to Iran and being imprisoned as a result of taking a photograph of what he thought was a sunrise but also pictured pylons near an electrical plant.

The authors' analysis of the experiences of this tourist in Iran reveals that tourism, in its widest sense, can be experienced as “dark” through the consumption and performance of danger. This finding moves beyond the examination of dark tourism merely as “tourist products”, or that frame a particular moment in time, or are merely founded on one's connection to or perception of the site.

Whilst the authors recognise the limitations of the case study approach taken here, and as such, generalisations cannot be inferred from the findings, it is argued that there is merit in exploring critically the motivational and experiential nature of travel to places that may be considered forbidden, dangerous or hostile in an attempt to further understand the concept of dark tourism from a tourist's lived perspective.

As the authors bring voyeurism into the debate on dark tourism, the study analyses the voyeuristic experiences of a dark tourist. In short, the authors argue that the lived and “deviant” experiential nature of tourism itself can be included in the discussion of “dark tourism”.

Deals with the manager and the organization from the point of view of personal counselling of managers. Sharpens the different perspectives from which organizational counsellors may view the work of counselling, perspectives that are apt to lead to conflicts of perception between helping the manager and helping the organization. Dilemmas of this kind are demonstrated by presenting the counselling process from a psychoanalytical viewpoint and from a typically organizational viewpoint, looking at the organization and diagnosing it with the help of various metaphors in which the manager, his position, his function and the expectations directed at him are interwoven.

The heady system of high‐pressure Continental air that drifted across the Atlantic and collided with the traditional cyclonic patterns of U.S. literary academe in the mid‐1960s precipitated a “Theory Revolution” that has brought a couple of decades of stormy and stimulating weather to the campus. The collision has produced occasionally furious debate and resulted for higher education in the kind of public attention customarily reserved for athletic scandals; it has kept tenuring processes in turmoil and publish‐or‐perish mills working round the clock.

People have unconscious motives which affects their decision-making and associated behavior. The paper describes a study using thematic apperception test (TAT) to measure how unconscious motives influence travelers' interpretations and preferences toward alternative tours and hotels. Using the TAT, the present study explores the relationships between three unconscious needs: (1) achievement, (2) affiliation, and (3) power and preferences for four package tours (adventure, culture, business, and escape tours) and for seven hotel identities (quality, familiarity, location, price, friendliness, food and beverage, and cleanliness and aesthetics). The present study conducts canonical correlation analyses to examine the relationships between unconscious needs and preferences for package tours and hotel identities using data from 467 university students. The study scores 2,438 stories according to the TAT manual to identify unconscious needs. The findings indicate that (1) people with a high need for affiliation prefer an experience based on cultural values and hotels that are conveniently located, (2) individuals with a high need for power indicate a preference for high prices and good value for their money, and (3) people with a high need for achievement prefer a travel experience with adventure as a motivation. The study findings are consistent with previous research of McClelland (1990), Wilson (2002), and Woodside et al. (2008) in exploring impacts of the unconscious levels of human need.

The critical theory of the Frankfurt School was imbued with a vision that apprehended social milieu as dialectic. Those who wish to adopt a dialectical orientation to their work as agents of and for change need to appreciate that such an orientation is likely to engender certain psychodynamics within themselves and others. In this particular setting, both individual and collective catharsis is to be expected as the contextually‐discovered revelation of, and reflection on, the “social amnesia” of the present organizational and social patterns. In many senses the organization should be considered as functioning as a therapeutic setting.

Executive development and education have proceeded on the basis of two developments as a result of shifts in government policy over the past two decades. The first is marketisation, the belief that marketplace ideology is best, and the belief that the private sector functions better and more rationally than the public sector. The second is performance, the belief that performance can be controlled. It is argued that these trends are myths that have developed into the performance cult. This paper argues that even knowing you cannot be in control doesn't stop you trying to be in control, but understanding what is happening enables us to stay active in negotiating our daily lives moment by moment.