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The purpose of this study is to provide models to analyze the efficiency of programs and efficiency of fundraising to apply the models to non-profit organizations (NPOs) in Korea and to draw out improvement points of inefficiency using data envelopment analysis (DEA).

Using DEA, this study analyzed the program efficiency and fundraising efficiency of 22 Korean NPOs in the field of humanitarian assistance.

Of 22 NPOs, 15 were identified as being efficient in the program efficiency and 7 of 15 NPOs were found efficient in the fundraising efficiency. In all, four organizations were found efficient in both the program and the fundraising efficiency. Using CCR and BCC model, this study proposed the cause of inefficiency and state of returns of scale.

This study presents non-profit efficiency evaluation models regarding program efficiency and fundraising efficiency. This study provides the inefficient DMUs with their reference set of efficient DMUs to improve efficiency and the cause of inefficiency, whether the inefficiency is because of the pure technical inefficiency or the scale inefficiency. This study also indicates the state of variable returns to scale to propose the way of improving inefficiency by controlling the scale of inputs. The methods and the results of this study can serve as a model for researchers and practitioners to follow when evaluating efficiency in the NPOs.

This study has the value of performing the empirical studies of efficiency analysis of Korean NPOs and providing non-profits with the model of efficiency analysis in programs and fundraising activities and basis for establishing strategies to improve both efficiencies.

This paper aims to present a discursive and evaluative analysis of Energy + Illawarra, an Australian Government Low Income Energy Efficiency Program (LIEEP) funded interdisciplinary social marketing energy efficiency programme. Energy + Illawarra was a community programme working with low-income older people in Australia and involving social marketers, human geographers and engineers. The paper aims to identify how ecological systems theory can inform social marketing, and what practicalities there may be in doing so. The paper also aims to assess whether a social marketing programme that draws on ecological systems theory can have a positive impact on people’s thermal comfort.

First, the paper uses critical discursive analysis to examine the use of various elements of a social marketing energy efficiency programme in relation to the different levels of ecological systems theory. Second, a longitudinal cohort survey study design is used to evaluate the programme’s influence on people’s perceptions of thermal comfort and satisfaction with thermal comfort in their homes.

The study found that ecological systems theory could be an effective framework for social marketing programmes. The evaluation study found that the intervention had a positive impact on participant’s perceptions of thermal comfort, satisfaction with thermal comfort and attitudes towards energy efficiency. However, the paper identifies some potential tensions in using ecological systems theory and suggests that issues of power, representation, agenda setting, the need for reflexive practice and consideration of unintended consequences are important considerations in social marketing programmes.

The work presented here suggests that multi-level social marketing programmes that draw on ecological systems theory can make a useful contribution to social change as demonstrated by the evaluation survey finding positive impacts on thermal comfort and attitudes of participants. However, issues of power, representation, agenda setting, the need for reflexive practice and consideration of unintended consequences should be considered in social marketing programmes.

The paper seeks to show that the strategic types of service marketers (e.g. Prospectors, Defenders or Analyzers) match the types of success measures that they use to evaluate new services.

A theory is developed to show why service marketers of different strategic types use different success measures for the evaluation of new services. Using responses from 202 financial services marketers, strategic types are shown to relate in theoretically expected ways with the importance ratings of the categorized success measures.

Notable relationships among strategic types and their success measure are identified. Prospectors, for example, attach greater importance to growth performance measures, consistent with the growth orientation of their service development programs. Defenders, on the other hand, attach more importance than Prospectors to efficiency performance measures, which relate to their programs' efficiency orientation. Analyzers, interestingly, place more emphasis on objectives‐based performance measures, including strategic fit, than Prospectors.

The sampling frame purposely contains only US financial services firms; as such, future research may build upon this single‐industry, single‐country study.

Academic success literature generally disregards the strategic types of respondents in measuring the success of service development programs. Practitioners, however, seek performance measures that are consistent with their firm's business strategy. This study provides a categorization of the most important success measures as appropriate to different strategic types.

The service success literature has often dealt with the question of “what causes success?” and has rarely confronted, head‐on, the question of “what is success?”. This paper addresses this critical research gap.

This paper aims to examine the emergence, shape and functioning of China's Top‐1,000 Industrial Energy Conservation Program. The program, implemented since 2006, is generated from a pilot voluntary program and modeled on international industrial efficiency target‐setting programs. The research studies why the program was deviated from the voluntary approach and how the program outcomes have been influenced by the action network.

The historical development of the program is framed by policy network theory, which conceptualizes the causal relations of policy network and policy outcomes. Both primary data and secondary data are used.

In the current Chinese context, the voluntary agreement could not replace the traditional top‐down regulations as policy tools adopted nationwide. However, it can function as a complementary implementation tool to be adopted at the local level.

An in‐depth understanding of the evolution of voluntary agreement on energy efficiency in China will promote the discussion on China's policy‐making process and will provide useful insights regarding its future low‐carbon policy options.

The study provides an empirical application of the policy network approach, a prominent policy process theory that has been popular in many European and some North‐American contexts.

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of a mid‐season change of manager on the sporting performance of professional football teams in the First Division of the Spanish Football League.

In team sports, the manager takes important decisions that affect the sporting performance of the team. Although the manager is normally hired for a period of at least one season, clubs frequently change managers halfway through that period. Before taking that decision, the Board of Directors probably ask themselves: “Do we sack the manager … or is it better not to?” Data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are used to compare the performance of a group of teams that have changed their manager mid‐season to that of teams that have stuck with the same manager for the entire season.

The main result is that a mid‐season change of manager improves sporting performance, but it does not allow to perform as well as teams that have not changed managers halfway through the season.

Changing managers can be a good move when a football team is not performing well. However, club executives would be recommended to plan the season well beforehand to avoid finding themselves in a situation where they must change managers halfway through.

The foremost contribution of this paper to the existing literature in this field of research is the computation of programme efficiency scores with DEA techniques to deal with the analysis of the effect of a change of manager on the performance of football teams.

Pressures and demands for accountability and efficiency in the public sector in Australia have given rise to changes and reforms in government administration at both federal and state levels. Developments and experimentation with “techniques” such as programme budgeting, new forms of financial management, annual reporting, efficiency and comprehensive audits, have added their impact. A concept of “new audits” has emerged. The approaches and practices of Commonwealth — at the federal level — and New South Wales — at the state level — are compared. The way in which “new audit” differs from traditional audit is illustrated and then assessed within a framework of accountability.

Rising energy costs, mould remediation and ‘greening up’ the workplace are among the many new challenges facing today’s organisation. Where does management turn for solutions? In most organisations, it is the facilities management (FM) department and, for many, this the best place to look, because a skilled engineering group can be the organisation’s greatest asset for addressing energy consumption, peak load management, indoor air quality and greening of the building. How can organisations get on the path to accessing their FM engineering group more effectively? It begins with workforce skill assessment, followed by an organisational commitment to effective, lasting training. This paper is for middle and upperlevel managers seeking to prepare their FM departments for the sustainable workplace. Topics include a review of operation and maintenance (O&M) best practices for energy efficiency, an assessment of the O&M workforce within the facilities department, and a summary of the competency areas for improved O&M practices. Readers will become familiar with the critical elements of an O&M programme aimed at reducing utility costs as well as the workforce competencies necessary to implement such a programme. The results promise good return on the organisation’s investment as well as enhanced stature for the FM department.

There is a great interest in developing eco-friendly operations as alternative uses of resources in the university campus, making the employment of technologies more sustainable. Practices such as energy management and efficiency initiatives have been encouraged to meet these sustainability goals. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the main features of the GENIIOT project, a system of energy management using Internet of Things applied in a Brazilian university campus to support energy education practices and to promote lasting energy efficiency measures. The focus of the study is directed at the energy consumption of the air-conditioning system, which is responsible for 40% of the total electricity consumption. In addition, this project also scrutinizes processes such as the building occupants’ comfort demands, lighting levels and energy waste control.

A case study at the Unicamp campus was conducted to illustrate the design procedures through qualitative description. This study comprises an overview of the physical plant, hardware and software development, energy data monitoring, management process and energy education.

The GENIIOT project enables energy efficiency actions by concerning the use of air-conditioning equipment based on monitored data, different types of monitored rooms, user’s behaviors and their feedback. This initiative requires the engagement, awareness and actions from users combined with investment in energy efficiency to achieve an efficient use of this type of equipment. The proposed approach can be applied in the future to similar situations, inside the Unicamp campus and at other university campuses. In addition, this project can contribute to building efficiency analysis by using the hardware structure developed to monitor facilities and carry out evaluations, providing valuable information for strategic initiatives in energy efficiency projects and research and development programs based on practical experience and promoting a discussion about sustainability aspects in the context of the university campus for energy efficiency.

The GENIIOT project is aligned with some of the sustainable development goals, among which sustainability and responsible consumption are identified. Considering the sustainability issues, the economic dimension can be evaluated through a cost–benefit analysis of energy efficiency projects with prudent investment, while the social attractiveness of the project is ensured by education and awareness practices for the community that interacts with the system and learns about a more efficient way of using resources in the campus. Furthermore, there is a more conscious use of natural resources by minimizing waste from the use of electricity and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. GENIIOT is part of Sustainable Campus Project, a living laboratory which aims at developing energy-efficiency-related research activities in the university campus to reduce costs in higher and federal institutions of education in Brazil.

We investigate the determinants and consequences of nonprofit lobbying activity by analyzing 501(c)(3) nonprofit lobbying choices as reported on the primary tax form, Form 990. Under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), nonprofits may lose their tax exempt status if they engage in a substantial amount of lobbying. We examine lobbying choices across three dimensions: (1) the test used to determine whether lobbying activities are substantial (i.e., making an H-election) (2) whether lobbying activities are directly related to the mission of the nonprofit (i.e., program related) (3) whether an affiliate nonprofit lobbies on behalf of a nonprofit. Results indicate lobbying choices are associated with the amount of lobbying reported and the amount of contributions received. Additionally, our results provide some evidence that nonprofit lobbying choices allowed under the IRC are underutilized.

This paper aims to examine the economic efficiency of Vietnamese 172 higher education (HE) institutions within the 2012–2016 inclusive period through the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. The authors also compare public and private, multidisciplinary and mono-disciplinary, non-autonomy and autonomy, non-international and international HE Institutions’ efficiency.

This study derived from an unique dataset from the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) of Vietnam. The data set comprises financial and academic annual reports of higher education institutions (HEIs). The authors achieved totally 204 Vietnamese HEIs, and the sample for analysis is 172 after the elimination of missing units, accounting for 84.3% entire of Vietnamese HEIs. The authors estimate the efficiency scores relying on these selected inputs and outputs by using the DEA method.

Overall, HEIs in Vietnam decreased their operational efficiency during the 2012–2016. It also seems that public universities operate in the absence of market mechanism so that they tend to be less efficient than their counterparts in private sector. Based on our analysis, the authors observe that the HEIs including the international programmes have higher efficiency scores rather than these without international programmes.

This study contributes to the theoretical aspects as follows. First, it enriches the existent efficiency literature on HE using the DEA approach. This stands out among similar studies in Vietnam in terms of duration (from 2012–2016) and data size (172 entities). Second, the research is the first to examine HEIs in terms of disciplinary (mono or multi-disciplinary) and autonomy (autonomous and non-autonomous), internalization (international programmes). These aspects have been silent in previous studies of HEIs in Vietnam.