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The study set out to understand how the regional competitiveness index (RCI) in the department of Ancash related to the human development index (HDI) from 2008 to 2021. For a more complete understanding of the findings, each component or dimension of the RCI was analyzed. Ancash's HDI and its competitiveness index over a 14-year period were used as the population for this applied, longitudinal, descriptive-correlational study, which was based on secondary data extracted from the “Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática” (INEI) and business school of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (CENTRUM) statistical databases. Multiple linear regression was used to find the relationship. The research found a strong and positive correlation between regional competitiveness and human development between 2008 and 2021. No correlations were found between the HDI and the health, education, employment, or institutional dimensions of regional competitiveness, but direct and significant correlations were established between the economic environment and the HDI and between the infrastructure dimension and the HDI.

The purpose of this research paper is to establish the impact of process and service innovation on non-financial and financial performance in the tourism sector, as well as to explain the mediating role of organizational learning.

A quantitative approach was used, based on partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), Smart PLS 4.0 software. The sample consisted of 426 establishments in the tourism sector in Zone I, Ecuador. Online surveys were employed to collect data, yielding 118 responses, to assess the impact of innovation on business performance from 2020 to 2022.

Process and service innovation positively and significantly affect non-financial and financial performance, respectively. Organizational learning mediates the relationship between process innovation and disservice. The relationship between non-financial and financial performance could not be confirmed. The model explains 53.10% of non-financial performance and 26.10% of financial performance.

The relationship between innovation and performance in the tourism sector has been studied in several developed economies, while little has been studied in developing countries. This work contributes to an empirical discussion including a mediating variable in the innovation–performance relationship in the Latin American context.

El propósito de esta investigación es establecer el impacto de la innovación de procesos y servicios en el desempeño no financiero y financiero en el sector turístico, así como explicar el papel mediador del aprendizaje organizacional.

Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, basado en el software PLS SE M, Smart PLS 4.0. La muestra estuvo constituida por 426 establecimientos del sector turístico de la Zona I, Ecuador. Se aplicaron encuestas en línea para recopilar datos, que arrojaron 118 respuestas, para evaluar el impacto de la innovación en el desempeño empresarial de 2020 a 2022.

La innovación de proceso y de servicio afecta positiva y significativa al desempeño no financiero y financiero, respectivamente. El aprendizaje organizacional media la relación entre innovación de proceso y des servicio. No se pudo confirmar la relación entre desempeño no financiero y financiero. El modelo explica el 53.10% del desempeño no financiero y el 26.10 del desempeño financiero.

La relación entre innovación y rendimiento en el sector turístico se ha estudiado en varias economías desarrolladas, mientras que en los países en desarrollo se ha estudiado poco. Este trabajo contribuye a una discusión empírica incluyendo una variable mediadora en la relación innovación-desempeño en contexto latinoamericano.

Intention to re-participate in co-creation (IRCC) is an essential indication of customers to their deal proneness. Therefore, this study aims to focus on the role of trust in the relationship between tourists’ motivation for IRCC activities and the perceived service outputs in the tourism research.

This study applies a quantitative method approach to achieve perceptions into this unfamiliar phenomenon of IRCC. A total of 305 valid questionnaires were collected from October 10 to October 30, 2020 in Istanbul, then analyzed with covariance-based structural equation modeling using the linear structural relations (LISREL) software package.

The findings of the study showed that the tourists’ IRCC is categorized under four factors: learning benefit, social interaction benefit, hedonic benefit and financial benefit. In the context of IRCC, organizational trust partially mediates the relationship between tourist intention and deal proneness motivation for IRRC.

The scope of research was limited to domestic tourists visiting Istanbul. Research must be conducted on tourists visiting other destinations and who differ in terms of cultural features to make assessments on a larger scale. Furthermore, when considering that co-creation is the consequence of the collaboration between the business and the customers, researching businesses’ initiatives based on promoting the participation in co-creation will make a contribution both for the managers and to the literature to formalize the co-creation process. In addition, social networks are one of the main platforms where tourists motivation to participate in co-creation, but tourists can both create and destroy value on social media regarding the businesses and touristic experience. In this respect, future research should analyze tourists’ motivation elements that urge them to co-create and co-destroy value on social networks, contributing to understanding and evaluating the co-creation process in all aspects.

In contrast with prior research, this study offers a model that integrates the antecedents and consequences of the IRCC process. In this perception, insight tourist motivational factors to IRCC activities provides a path for tourism businesses to strategically manage their activities. This study mostly uncovers the role of organizational trust positively in effect the re-participation.

IRCC is an issue that should be evaluated with its antecedents and outputs. In the literature, several studies evaluate co-creation outputs but research on antecedents promoting IRCC is limited. In this study, the antecedents (motivation to re-participate) and outputs of co-creation (trust and perceived benefit) are evaluated together.

应用量化分析方法研究再参与共创这一不熟悉的现象。2020年10月10日−30日在土耳其搜集了305份调查问卷。使用LISREL软件, 通过协方差结构方程模型（CB-SEM）进行分析。

再参与共创（IRCC）的意向是了解顾客交易倾向的重要标志。本文聚焦信任在游客再参与共创活动的动机与旅游研究方面的服务产出的关系之间所扮演的角色。

研究成果表明游客再参与共创的意向分为四个因素：1. 学习收益; 2. 社会互动收益; 3. 享乐收益 4. 财务收益。组织信任一定程度上调解了对于再参与共创的意向而言游客意向和交易倾向之间的关系。

本研究的范围仅限于访问伊斯坦布尔的国内游客。未来研究需对到访其他目的地、文化特征不同的游客进行研究, 以进行更大范围的评估。此外, 当考虑到共创是企业与客户合作的结果时, 研究企业在促进共创参与的基础上的举措将有助于管理者和学者将共创过程具体化。此外, 社交网络是游客 MPCC 的主要平台之一, 但游客可以在社交媒体上创造和破坏关于商业和旅游体验的价值。在这方面, 未来的研究应该分析游客在社交网络上共创和共毁价值的动机因素, 有助于从各个方面理解和评估共创过程。

不同于以前的研究, 本研究建立了综合再参与共创过程因果关系的模型。洞察游客再参与共创活动动机的因素为旅游业战略管理提供了一个路径。本研究基本上揭示了组织信任角色与再参与正向影响的关系。

再参与共创意向问题应该基于其因果进行评估。以前的研究虽然评估了共创产出, 但是, 对于促进再参与共创原因的研究有局限。本文同时研究了原因（再参与的动机）和共创的结果（信任与收益）

Se aplica una metodología cuantitativa para analizar las percepciones de un nuevo concepto, intención de volver a participar en la co-creación (Intention to Re-participate in Co-Creation, IRCC). Se recogieron un total de 305 cuestionarios válidos, en el período comprendido entre el 10 y 30 de octubre de 2020 en Estambul, y se analizaron con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales basado en la covarianza (CB-SEM) utilizando el software LISREL.

La intención de volver a participar en la cocreación (IRCC) es un indicador esencial de los clientes para su propensión al trato. Por tanto, la finalidad de este estudio es centrarse en el papel de la confianza en la relación entre la motivación de los turistas para las actividades de IRCC y los resultados percibidos del servicio en la investigación en turismo

Los resultados del estudio mostraron que el IRCC de los turistas se agrupa en cuatro factores: (i) beneficio del aprendizaje, (ii) beneficio de la interacción social, (iii) beneficio hedónico y (iv) beneficio financiero. En el contexto del IRCC, la confianza organizativa media parcialmente en la relación entre la intención del turista y la motivación de propensión al trato para el IRCC.

El alcance de la investigación se limitó a los turistas nacionales que visitan Estambul. Es necesario investigar a los turistas que visitan otros destinos y que difieren en cuanto a sus características culturales para realizar evaluaciones a mayor escala. Además, al considerar que la cocreación es la consecuencia de la colaboración entre la empresa y los clientes, el análisis de las iniciativas de las empresas basadas en la promoción de la participación en la co-creación supondrá una contribución tanto para los gestores como para la literatura para formalizar el proceso de co-creación. Además, las redes sociales son una de las principales plataformas en las que los turistas están motivados para participar en co-creación de valor (MPCC), pero los turistas pueden tanto crear como destruir valor en los medios sociales en relación con las empresas y la experiencia turística. En este sentido, futuras investigaciones, deberían analizar los elementos de motivación de los turistas que les impulsan a co-crear y co-destruir valor en las redes sociales, contribuyendo a la comprensión y evaluación del proceso de co-creación en todos sus aspectos.

A diferencia de las investigaciones anteriores, el estudio ofrece un modelo que integra los antecedentes y las consecuencias del proceso del IRCC. En esta percepción, el conocimiento de los factores de motivación de los turistas hacia las actividades de IRCC proporciona una vía para que las empresas turísticas gestionen estratégicamente sus actividades. Este estudio se centra en el papel de la confianza organizativa en el efecto de la re-participación.

El IRCC es un tema que debe ser evaluado con sus antecedentes y resultados. En la literatura, varios estudios evalúan los resultados de la cocreación, pero la investigación sobre los antecedentes que promueven el IRCC es limitada. En este estudio se evalúan conjuntamente los antecedentes (motivación para volver a participar) y los resultados de la cocreación (confianza y beneficio percibido).

The study aims to provide relevant information on the educational processes experienced by university students in Spain during the period of compulsory confinement. To this end, the key factors of the emergency educational model implemented by the country's universities have been analysed.

The study investigated, through qualitative, exploratory research and 30 in-depth interviews, how university students have lived the process of change to alternative forms of education during the crisis, what training experiences stand out and what factors related to virtual education they identify as relevant keys.

Participants usually focus on three main topics: (1) The impacts of changes in training development with regard to methodologies and forms of assessment; (2) The facilities and difficulties in this new modality of online training; and (3) The consequences of the crisis on higher education in the medium and long term.

Students participating in the study offer relevant and critical information on the adaptations developed by Spanish universities during the Coronavirus crisis. This information can be fundamental for the conscious decision making of the institutions, so that they can develop educational processes more adequate to the needs and possibilities of the university students in times of crisis.

Microenterprises (MEs) are vital to the growth and prosperity of economies around the world. All levels of society, from universities to national governments, have collaborated to improve the chances of survival and future growth of these businesses. The threat to life is serious, and unless concerted action is taken, the situation will spiral out of control. Policymakers and business leaders must work together to address the sustainability crisis. The study, therefore, set out to determine how various entrepreneurial skills (such as creativity, collaboration, networking, and risk-taking) affect the long-term viability of MEs. The overall objective of the study was to determine the importance of innovative problem-solving, collaboration, networking, and willingness to take calculated risks of microentrepreneurs for the long-term success of their businesses. A total of 274 microentrepreneurs in rural areas of the Ancash region of Peru were surveyed in the grocery, hardware, clothing, and food service sectors. The survival of the MEs was tested on four dimensions: innovation, leadership, networking, and risk-taking. According to the results, MEs managers can increase their longevity by cultivating creative skills, strengthening leadership as a key to business sustainability and survival, maximizing the use of networks to gain a market advantage and expand their customer base, and employing calculated risk-taking.

Mexico is a large, culturally and linguistically diverse country. More than half of its population lives below the poverty line, a fifth is of indigenous origin, and 5% have a disability. This chapter offers a brief description of the general characteristics of the country and the legislative changes toward inclusion and presents the status and progress toward the 2030 Agenda educational goals toward inclusive education. Although efforts have been made to improve the quality of education and inclusion, the country's complexities: poverty, cultural diversity, and political adjustments, among others, have held back progress, as will be explained in this chapter.

This study analyzes the digital competencies and the attitude toward the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in secondary school teachers of the Javier Heraud Public Educational Institution, Lima, Peru, according to the technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge (TPACK) model, which focuses on knowledge about technology knowledge (TK), pedagogical content (PK) and content knowledge (CK). This implies that it is important to take these components into account in the development of teaching work, in order to contribute to the quality of student learning, within the framework of the restrictions established due to the global health emergency. The study is based on the quantitative approach, type of correlational research and cross-sectional design, the sample consisted of 106 secondary education teachers, questionnaire was applied which were validated by five experts and its reliability was analyzed by the values obtained for Cronbach's alpha, for the digital competencies variable α = 0.861 and for the variable attitude toward the use of ICT α = 0.854. It has been shown that there is a relationship between digital competencies and the attitude toward the use of information and communication technologies in teachers of a Peruvian Public Educational Institution.

Social presence (SP), which refers to individuals’ perception of others being engaged as “real people” in the same situation, is a crucial component in technology-rich learning environments (TREs). This study aims to identify major learning design, antecedents and outcomes of SP within TREs, and identify common findings from the past two decades.

Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses review principles and a qualitative analysis of selected articles, a final review of 72 studies that met inclusion criteria was obtained. Key information, including education level, discipline, sample size, study type and measurements, was extracted and studies were further analyzed and synthesized based on design features and learning modes.

The study identifies five crucial factors for instructional design to foster SP in TREs: technology affordances, multimedia features, social factors, instructional principles, learner characteristics and learning management systems. The authors compare two learning modes across three dimensions and identify popular technologies used in studies related to SP over the past two decades. Practical recommendations are provided for educators and educational technology developers to enhance SP within technology-rich learning environments.

This research contributes to the discourse on online learning and computer-supported communication, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era. By examining factors influencing SP and providing implications for instruction and educational technology development, this study offers evidence-based support to educators for engaging learners and fostering authentic learning experiences through adaptive selection of educational technologies.

Augmented reality is one of the technologies that developed and became widespread, especially after the 2000s. It is seen that innovations such as 3D virtual reality glasses, artificial intelligence-supported smart chatbots that communicate with customers in a virtual environment, keyless hotel systems, the Internet of Things, augmented reality applications, smart personal assistants, digital infrastructure concepts and face recognition systems are used in tourism businesses. The place and use of augmented reality technologies in tourism enterprises are discussed in this study. This study was evaluated from the perspective of UTAUT2. The purpose of this study is to examine the usability of augmented reality technologies in tourism businesses.

Within the scope of the study, interviews were held with augmented reality application developers, digital marketing agencies and accommodation business managers. The obtained data were processed with the MAXQDA analysis program.

It has been determined that augmented reality is a useful and informative technological tool for tourists, it can help sales, promotion and marketing activities, and its usability potency in accommodation businesses is high.

When the literature is reviewed, it is understood that the studies that apply to the opinions of the application developers and the managers of the accommodation establishments are limited. Therefore, this study has been prepared to contribute to the literature in this respect. This study examines and discusses the use of augmented reality technologies in tourism enterprises, the benefits and difficulties they will create from the perspective of application developers and accommodation business managers and their place in tourism enterprises. This study was evaluated from the perspective of UTAUT2. There is a need for research developed using UTAUT models in technology acceptance studies. In this respect, it will contribute to the literature.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies that allow sowing social entrepreneurship initiatives among young university students in Latin America. This study will also help to understand the different needs and expectations currently treated in higher education in developing its role as a promoter of entrepreneurship in students.

The study uses a multinomial logistic regression method analysis based on data collected through an online survey and applied to a sample of 599 advanced business administration students in five Latin American countries.

The results indicate that three of the independent variables under study are relevant as strategies to instill in university students the initiative for creating social entrepreneurship: establishing links with social communities, providing entrepreneurial education with a social orientation, and offering financial education.

These research findings indicate the role universities should have in promoting social entrepreneurship in university students. Therefore, the proposed strategies are crucial to improving this type of entrepreneurship.

The main contribution of this study is to analyze issues as crucial as social entrepreneurship in Latin American university students and broaden knowledge of the main strategies universities in this region must adopt so that students launch into the social area.

El propósito de este estudio es analizar las estrategias que permitan sembrar iniciativas de emprendimiento social entre jóvenes universitarios de América Latina. Esto permitirá conocer las diferentes necesidades y expectativas que se tienen actualmente en la educación superior en el desarrollo de su papel como promotor del emprendimiento en los estudiantes.

El estudio utiliza un análisis método regresión logística multinomial basado en datos recopilados a través de una encuesta en línea, aplicada a una muestra de 599 estudiantes avanzados de administración de empresas en cinco países latinoamericanos.

Los resultados evidencian que tres de las variables independientes en estudio son relevantes como estrategia para sembrar en los estudiantes universitarios la iniciativa de crear emprendimiento social: el tener vínculos con las comunidades sociales, otorgar educación emprendedora con orientación social y el brindar educación financiera.

Los hallazgos de esta investigación señalan el rol que deben de tener las universidades para fomentar el emprendimiento social en los estudiantes universitarios. Por lo tanto, se proponen estrategias claves para mejorar este tipo de emprendimientos.

La principal contribución de este estudio es analizar temas tan importantes como el emprendimiento social en los estudiantes universitarios de América Latina y ampliar el conocimiento de las principales estrategias que deben adoptar las universidades de esta región para que los estudiantes se lancen en el área social.

O objetivo deste estudo é an analisar as estratégias que permitem semear iniciativas de empreendedorismo social entre jovens universitários da América Latina. Permitirá conhecer as diferentes necessidades e expectativas atualmente tratadas no ensino superior no desenvolvimento do seu papel de promotor do empreendedorismo nos alunos.

O estudo utiliza um método de análise de regressão logística multinomial baseado em dados coletados por meio de uma pesquisa on-line, aplicada a uma amostra de 599 estudantes avançados de administração de empresas em cinco países latino-americanos.

Os resultados mostram que três das variáveis independentes em estudo são relevantes como estratégia para incutir nos estudantes universitários a iniciativa de criar empreendedorismo social: ter ligações com comunidades sociais, proporcionar educação empreendedora com orientação social e fornecer educação financeira.

Os resultados desta investigação indicam o papel que as universidades devem ter na promoção do empreendedorismo social nos estudantes universitários. Portanto, as estratégias propostas são fundamentais para melhorar esse tipo de empreendedorismo.

A principal contribuição deste estudo é analisar temas tão importantes quanto o empreendedorismo social nos universitários latino-americanos, e ampliar o conhecimento das principais estratégias que as universidades desta região devem adotar, para que os estudantes se lancem na área social.