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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the empirical effects of modifying the calculation of the diluted earnings per share (EPS) number in an international compared to the US accounting setting. The diluted EPS calculation originated in the US Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 15 (APB 15) and continues in both the US Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 128 (SFAS 128), EPS and International Accounting Standard 33 (IAS 33) EPS. Our analysis of the treatment of dilutive warrants and options versus other dilutive convertible securities extends the work of McEnroe and Sullivan (2018), hereafter referred to as McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 and provides more insight into the impact on the international accounting regulatory environment. Using the McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 proposed alternative EPS model, we investigate revising the EPS model and analyzing the impact on international data observations.

The authors selected our sample from the Compustat Fundamentals Annual Database – North America Daily file. Although using the Global – Daily file would be ideal, the data the authors need to make the alternative EPS calculations is not available in the Global database. The authors pulled data for the years 2010 through 2016 for both the USA and international companies. The authors eliminated companies based upon the criteria described later in the paper (which is comparable to the data restrictions set in McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018).

The results are comparable to the results of the US study. The authors find an average increase in diluted EPS to be 4.57 per cent and the median increase to be 2.43 per cent. McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 found the average increase in diluted EPS to be 5.72 per cent and the median increase to be 3.81 per cent. The authors do not find a significant difference in the overall average percentage increase when looking across all of the years in the data set and comparing the USA to international observations. Overall, the authors further extend the previous conclusion of McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 that both the USA and international standard setters should consider the alternative diluted EPS model for accounting regulation.

The study consists of a sample of 262 international firms. An extended study, of all firms subject to International Accounting Reporting Standards (IFRS) might be used by the International Accounting Standards Board and then stratified by country to see if the capital structure of a particular nation’s securities is particularly impacted by the results.

As McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018, p. 499 state, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) avers that the price-earnings ratio of an equity is perhaps the most frequently cited business statistic in equity analysis. The authors cite one source Kuepper, (2018), that it is “one of the most popular metrics” on the international level of stocks using IFRS. Given that the denominator, in the price-earnings ratio is the focus of our study, as in the case McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018, the results have implications for the further study and revision of IAS 33.

Again, as in the case of McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018, if currently reported diluted EPS results in lower equity prices than under the proposed model, an effect might be higher debt and equity costs. Since the authors are unaware of any rationale for the current treatment, the authors feel that the current formulation is less than optimal and that the issue of its provisions should be examined.

A review of the literature found no other study other than McEnroe and Sullivan, 2018 undertaking the issue.

This paper asks whether market fundamentals can explain the run-up and collapse of Enron’s stock price and price-earnings ratio. We use a variant of the discounted cash flow model proposed by Miller and Modigliani (1961) to show that the growth rates implied by the stock’s valuation have rarely been achieved in recorded business history. We also provide evidence of earnings management by the company that may have contributed to extravagant investor expectations of earnings growth. Between 1990 and 2000 the firm’s reported earnings met or exceeded analysts’ earnings forecasts 77% of the time. Furthermore, beginning in 1997 Enron used asset sales (often to related parties) to generate as much as 83% of its annual earnings.

This study aims to examine whether company characteristics determine the structure and composition of a company’s board. In particular, it investigates the three board-design choices that Australian-listed companies make in the context of Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) corporate governance principles (published in 2003) where they are allowed to depart from the recommended best-practice board structure if the departure better serves their unique board and governance requirements.

A logistic regression is performed on a cross-section of data for 258 ASX-listed companies averaged over the years 2004 to 2007, using the company variables size, age, leverage, ownership concentration, profitability, liquidity, price-earnings ratio, market-to-book ratio and cross-listing.

The study finds that size has a strong, statistically significant impact on all three principles. Ownership concentration, price-earnings ratio and age have statistically significant impacts on the likelihood of compliance with at least one principle but have no consistent influence over all. This finding supports the underlying philosophy of the ASX corporate governance principles that flexible guidelines serve companies better than inflexible rules.

This study breaks new ground in empirically investigating the effect of company variables on compliance with the ASX’s Principles of 2003, which are new for Australia in requiring an “if not, why not” response from companies.

Recent studies of the impact of financial liberalization in emerging markets have not examined the dynamic impact of the liberalization process on equity returns despite the important implications on ongoing reform policies. We analyze six Asian equity markets using a dynamic adjustment model with three independent variables: market capitalization value, pricebook value ratio, and price‐earnings ratio. We use panel data for the period 1991‐2000 and the LSDVR (least square dummy variable regression) approach to identify the timing effects of liberalization. The stability of the model is also tested. The results indicate, in most cases, the significance of all three variables and the timing effects. Evidence of significant structural changes is also supported.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of skewness in maximizing the investor utility using the daily data for eight sectors listed on the National Stock Exchange of India.

The analysis is carried out in three different steps. In the first part, the author analyzes the monthly stock returns and the important financial ratios – price-to-book (PB) ratio, price-earnings (PE) ratio and dividend yield (DY). Second, the author tests the sector-wise return predictability using Westerlund and Narayan (2012) flexible generalized least squares estimator. Third, the author compares the mean–variance–skewness (MVS) utility function with the mean–variance (MV) utility function.

The author forecasts the sectoral stock returns using three financial ratios – PB ratio, PE ratio and DY – as predictors. The results indicate that sectoral stock returns are significantly predicted by these financial ratios. The author then formulates trading strategies by including skewness in the utility function and finds that the investor utility is high when the utility function includes skewness as opposed to when the skewness is excluded.

The author extends the MV utility function to the MVS utility function and shows that the Indian stock market is more profitable when the investor uses a MVS utility function which highlights the main contribution to the literature.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether investors perceive the issuance of sukuk differently than they do in case of conventional bonds, by using event study with superior data. Then, it analyzes whether financial characteristics of issuers can explain the abnormal return and likelihood of sukuk issuance. Finally, the paper proposes a testable model explaining the investor reaction.

This paper uses market model event study to assess investor reaction to the issuance of sukuk. Then, linear and logistic regressions are used to test whether financial characteristics of issuers can explain the abnormal return and likelihood of sukuk issuance. To investigate the differences between sukuk issuers and bond issuers, this paper tests the difference in means of issuer characteristics. Finally, the sample is subdivided into good and bad firm prospects according to dividend/earnings ratio and book-to-market ratio. The subdivisions are used to test the proposed model explaining the investor reaction.

The study finds that a large variety of firms issues sukuk. The event study reports significant negative abnormal returns around the announcement date of sukuk issuance. The study also reveals that the earning prospect of issuer firms affect the investor reaction. Firms with lower earning prospect receive a negative reaction from the investors. Also, smaller, or financially unhealthy firms are more likely to issue sukuk. Smaller and riskier firms issue sukuk, because participation in the market is less constrained. In other words, the risk-sharing nature of sukuk might imply that the firm is not confident about the future prospect. However, if the firm has good earnings prospects, investors react to the issuance of sukuk negatively.

Reliability and availability of data is a hurdle to test the investor reaction model. As more data become available, the models implications can be further tested.

This paper uses the most complete set of data to study sukuk, making it the most selection bias-free and complete study. Moreover, the proposed investor reaction model will enrich the theory.

Outlines previous research on the effects of insider trading on share prices and reactions to the tightening up of US laws against illegal trading. Calculates returns for a sample of large managerial purchases made after the new legislation (1993‐1995) and announced in the Wall Street Journal to test for the presence of asymmetric information, agency conflicts and undervaluation; using firm size, market‐to‐book ratio, Q ratio and price‐earnings ratio as proxies. Finds that share prices react positively to large managerial purchases, especially if the firm is small, undervalued and/or experiencing conflicts between managers and shareholders; and that this effect is not reversed within a year.

“The effect of a firm's dividend policy on the current price of its shares is a matter of considerable importance, not only to the corporate officials who must set the policy, but to investors planning portfolios and to economists seeking to understand and appraise the functioning of capital markets. Do companies with generous distribution policies consistently sell at a premium over those with small payments ? Is the reverse ever true ? If so, under what conditions? Is there an optimum payment ratio or range of ratios that maximises the current worth of the shares?”.Although these questions of fact have been the subject of many empirical studies in recent years, no concensus has yet been achieved. Not only does the empirical evidence seem to conflict, but the underlying theory of share price determination cannot be agreed upon. This chapter surveys current theories concerning dividend policy, and seeks to reconcile them under a common set of assumptions. Then the relevant empirical evidence is presented and criticised, and finally a piece of research carried out by the author is discussed.

“The effect of a firm's dividend policy on the current price of its shares is a matter of considerable importance, not only to the corporate officials who must set the policy, but to investors planning portfolios and to economists seeking to understand and appraise the functioning of capital markets. Do companies with generous distribution policies consistently sell at a premium over those with small payments ? Is the reverse ever true ? If so, under what conditions ? Is there an optimum payment ratio or range of ratios that maximises the current worth of the shares ?”. Although these questions of fact have been the subject of many empirical studies in recent years, no concensus has yet been achieved. Not only does the empirical evidence seem to conflict, but the underlying theory of share price determination cannot be agreed upon. This chapter surveys current theories concerning dividend policy, and seeks to reconcile them under a common set of assumptions. Then the relevant empirical evidence is presented and criticised, and finally a piece of research carried out by the author is discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to model the Chinese unique regulation changes with the supply-and-demand analytical framework and structure the relationship between initial public offerings (IPO) underpricing and institutional changes with the comparative static method. A well-functioning stock market is crucial to the transition into a market economy, but the Chinese stock market is somehow twisted with frequent government interventions, particularly the IPO market. Can the underpricing issue be mitigated in the changing institutional settings? Can the market-orientated incremental reform of regulations succeed in the Chinese stock market?

The theoretical analysis confirms that IPO underpricing becomes relatively better with dynamic changes of relaxation of the approval and pricing systems. Collecting and examining the data of newly listed firms from 1993 to 2010, the influence of institutional changes on IPO underpricing with regressions, such as ordinary least square (OLS), bootstrap and two stage least square (2SLS) estimation methods was further empirically examined.

The magnitude of the Chinese IPO underpricing during the past two decades is as high as 181.6 per cent on the average. The sizes of IPO underpricing significantly reduce with an increase in the issuing sizes and the ratios of price-earnings ratios. The dummy variables of government-approved regulations are negatively associated with IPO underpricing. The dummy variables of pricing regulations are positively related to IPO underpricing and the coefficients become smaller with newer regulations. Generally, the magnitude of the Chinese IPO underpricing decreases over time.

This paper enriches the IPO literature by dynamically examining the effect of institutional changes on IPO underpricing in Chinese primary markets. We argue that institutional changes characterized by incremental marketization can help to alleviate extreme IPO underpricing and to promote financial development. The Chinese transition from the planning system to the market system in the IPO market will be a long and strenuous process, but it works.