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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interfacial nanostructures and the adhesions of the stainless steel (S.S) coating to the polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) leathers.

PU leather and PVC leather deposit S.S nano-films on the surface of PU and PVC leathers in this study. The interfacial nanostructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results revealed that the surface roughness of the substrates had extremely important influence on the morphology of nano-films. The adhesions of the S.S coating to the PU and PVC leathers were investigated by the peel-off test.

The results showed that the adhesive performance of the S.S nano-films coating on PVC leather was better than that on the substrate of PU leather. Moreover, a weight loss of per peeling force calculating formulation is proposed to determine the bonding strength between the S.S films and the substrates.

In this paper, influence of different substrates on surface morphology of S.S coating was studied by SEM and AFM. Moreover, the weight loss of per peeling force calculating formulation was used to discuss the bonding strength between the S.S coating and the substrates. The research methods presented in this paper are of innovation significance to a certain extent.

In this study, it is aimed to synthesize ultraviolet (UV)-curable water-borne polyurethane acrylate (WPUA) binders using different types of polyols (poly (propylene glycol), PPG₁₀₀₀ and PPG₂₀₀₀ and poly (ethylene glycol), PEG₁₀₀₀ and PEG₂₀₀₀) at different molecular weights, DMPA (2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid) at different amounts and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and use for pigment printing on synthetic leather.

UV-cured films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The effect of binder structure on printing performance was determined with hardness, crock fastness, abrasion resistance and color measurements.

The highest abrasion resistance (60,000 cycles) and crock fastness values (dry crock and wet crock: 3/4) were obtained with binder PEG-C synthesized with PEG₂₀₀₀ and lower DMPA amount of 4.89 wt%; however, PEG-C binder showed lower hardness values. Due to lower urethane groups in PEG-C binder, more flexible films were obtained which imparted good adhesion property to printing film. Synthesized binders provided lower crock fastness and abrasion resistance properties than commercial WPUA binder.

Pigmented formulations including UV-curable water-borne synthesized PUA binder were developed and for the first time applied onto synthetic leather using screen printing method. Within this context, a new environmentally friendly printing method was proposed in this study including binder synthesis in the preparation of printing formulations.

The purpose of this paper is to present the determination of human thermal comfort with wearing clothes, with different water vapor permeability. Currently, the predicted mean vote (PMV) equation is widely used to determine thermal sensation scales of human comfort. However, moisture permeability of clothes has been not taken in account where the heat is lost from a human body due to water vapor diffusion through clothes.

In this study, the heat loss is derived based on the real structure of textiles, causing water vapor pressure difference between air on skin and ambient air. The PMV equation is modified to differentiate a thermal sensation scale of comfort although patterns of clothes are the same. Interview tests are investigated with wearing clothes from three types of textiles: knitted polyester, coated nylon–spandex, and polyurethane, under various air conditions.

The moisture permeabilities of knitted polyester, coated nylon–spandex and polyurethane are 16.57×10⁻⁹ kg/m² s•kPa, 9.15×10⁻⁹ kg/m²•s•kPa and 2.99×10⁻⁹ kg/m²•s•kPa, respectively. The interviews reveal that most people wearing knitted-polyester clothes have the greatest cold sensations under various air conditions since moisture permeability is the highest, compared to coated nylon–spandex, and polyurethane leather. Correspondingly, the predicted results of the modified PMV equation are close to the actual mean votes of interviewees with a coefficient of determination R²=0.83. On the other hand, the coefficient of determination from the predicted results of the conventional PMV equation is significantly lower than unity, with R²=0.42.

In practice, this quantitative determination on human thermal comfort gives some concrete recommendations on textile selection of clothes for acceptable satisfaction of thermal comfort under various surrounding conditions of usage.

The modified PMV equation effectively determines human comfort on a thermal sensation scale due to the moisture permeability of clothes. To make generic conclusion, experimental results of additional three textiles, such as plain weave/lining polyester, knitted spandex, and open structure polyester, are reported. They confirm that the modified PMV equation effectively determines human comfort on a thermal sensation scale due to the moisture permeability of clothes.

Three Jotun Paints coating systems — “Barrier/Navitar”, “Marathon” and “Baltoflake” — have been tested for abrasion resistance by BAW (Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau), the official German approvals authority for sub‐merged steel structures in harbours, canals and sluices. As a result, all three systems have been approved by BAW.

The new raw materials which have appeared in the two years have been heavily weighted towards water‐based coatings. Thus, these will be emphasised in the discussion that follows. Also of considerable interest are a variety of new solvent‐based acrylic raw materials. Beyond this, there has been only modest variations of existing products useful in the formulation of coatings.

The preparation of tin naphthenate has been described in a U.S. patent specification, the product being applicable to the increasing of adhesion between polyorganosiloxanes coatings hardenable at 25°C, and as a hardener for polyorganosiloxane elastomers, and in the manufacture of polysiloxane resin. It can also be used to colour stabilize aluminium salts of ethyl hexanoic acid when used as a paint drier, and as a catalyst for the polymerising of vinyl chloride. Copolymers of vinyl monomers and butadiene have been stabilized against ageing and discolouration by the use of stannous naphthenate along with di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐cresol, and the same product has stabilized rubbers against colour deterioration. The use of stannous naphthenate as a catalyst for silicone water‐repellants can lead to a decrease in the amount of siloxane needed to obtain a high degree of water repellancy by textiles. The naphthenate has been utilized in transformer oils to prevent sludge deposition. Tributyltin naphthenate is useable as a fungicide in silicone sealing compounds, plastics, and paints. Inhalation tests with vapours of tributyltin naphthenate have shown no acute inhalation risks.

Oleochemicals are derivatives of the components of vegetable, marine and animal oils and fats, glycerides, i.e. glycerol and fatty acids substantially, and include the fatty acids such as and their derivatives including fatty alcohols, fatty esters, amides, amines and other nitrogen derivatives and also the heavy metal soaps and the water soluble alkali metal soaps, polyoxyethylated materials, polyoxypropylated products, sulphated and sulphonated derivatives and the quarternary ammonium compounds. Although only normally used in small amounts, oleo chemicals are amongst the important raw materials, additives, for aiding the production of paints, capable of having a profound effect in these preparations.

• Develop an understanding of how to institutionalize a family business. • Define the dynamics of the family business decision-making process in emerging markets. • Assess the cultural differences between founders and successors in an emerging markets context. • Identify the role of intergenerational differences in deciding the future strategy of a family business in emerging markets.

This case addresses El Batraa Manufacturers for Chemicals and Paints S.A.E., a privately owned family business operating in the coloring paste industry in Egypt. The main dilemma of the case is the existence of different visions about the business between the old and new generations. Also, it addresses the importance of understanding family dynamics to resolve existing challenges. The necessity of having governance in a family business is highlighted, together with a clear succession plan to secure family unity and business sustainability. Sandra the main protagonist within the case is trying to arrive to a resolution that can guarantee a motivating environment for her to join the family business. Her main dilemma is whether to choose to join the family business, with all the existing challenges or not. Accordingly, she proposes some steps to make the family business more appealing.

Under Graduate and Master of Business Administration level.

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CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.