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The purpose of this paper is to show how CO₂ equivalent emissions are closely linked with economic development, over time and also across countries.

Emissions data from energy information administration were subjected to macro analysis, regressed upon GDP data, longitudinally and cross‐sectionally.

The conversion factor linking energy to output to pollution is estimated over time and between economies. It is today far too high, making global climate change almost certain.

Global environmental coordination is very difficult to achieve, given the nature of this gigantic PD game in combination with weak institutions for policy making and implementation. The only way to stabilise CO₂ emissions is to focus upon the conversion factor linking energy to output to pollution.

The paper shows the clear and Juggernaut type connections between energy‐economic output‐CO₂ emissions.

THE need for conservation and recycling of as many basic resources as possible is universally agreed throughout all sectors of the community. It has in fact brought together many erstwhile opposing factions and united them in a common cause and interest, albeit for different reasons and motivations. The two extreme factions within the conservation arena have generally been recognized as the ecologists seeking to preserve the environment from the industrialists' pollution of atmosphere and countryside. Notwithstanding the common ground now existing between these rival interests, the major problem which now arises is how to tackle these issues in practical, effective and viable terms.

In a climate of intense economic pressure, more and more companies are examining ways of conserving energy and reducing maintenance costs. Apart from insulation methods and materials one of the critical areas being studied is heat and service medium losses through leaking valve glands. In process industries for example, the cost of lost heat and service mediums can not only be enormous but failure to rectify the problem could incur further financial penalties through damage to buildings, fittings etc, in addition to creating a possible danger to operating staff and pollution of the atmosphere.

Briefly discusses eight major threats to the biosphere and highlights environmental education efforts. Concludes that increased public enlightenment and conservation measures already being taken give a fair prospect that the worst possible outcomes will be avoided.

The purpose of this study is to regard winter heating as a quasi-natural experiment to identify the possible causal effects of winter heating on population mobility. However, there are scant research studies examining the effect of atmospheric quality on population mobility. There also exists some relevant research studies on the relationship between population mobility and environmental degradation (Lu et al., 2018; Reis et al., 2018; Shen et al., 2018), and these studies exist still some deficiencies.

The notorious atmospheric quality problems caused by coal-fired heating in winter of northern China have an aroused widespread concern. However, the quantitative study on the effects on population mobility of winter heating is still rare. In this study, the authors regard the winter heating as a quasi-natural experiment, based on the of daily panel data of 58 cities of Tencent location Big Data in China from August 13 to December 30 in 2016 and August 16 to December 30 in 2017, and examine the impacts of winter heating on population mobility by utilizing a regression discontinuity method.

The findings are as follows, in general, winter heating significantly aggravates regional population mobility, but the impacts on population mobility among different cities are heterogeneous. Specifically, the effects of winter heating on population mobility is greater for cities with relatively good air quality, and the effects is also more obvious for big and medium-sized cities than that in small cities. In addition, different robustness tests, including continuity test, different bandwidth tests and alternative empirical model, are adopted to ensure the reliability of the conclusion. Finally, the authors put forward corresponding policy suggestions from the three dimensions of government, enterprises and residents.

First, regarding winter heating as a quasi-natural experiment, a regression discontinuity design method is introduced to investigate the relationship between winter heating and population mobility, which is helpful to avoid the estimation error caused by endogeneity. Second, the authors use the passenger travel “big data” based on the website of Tencent Location Big Data, which can effectively capture the daily characteristics of China's population mobility. Third, this study discusses the population mobility from the perspective of winter heating and researches population mobility before and after winter heating, which is helpful in enriching the research on population mobility.

The Corrosion Committee, which was constituted in 1928 and is now under the aegis of the British Iron and Steel Research Association, has been investigating corrosion problems for nearly 30 years. This article summarises the most important results obtained. They relate to atmospheric corrosion where the resistance to attack can be appreciably augmented by the use of low‐alloy steels, to corrosion by fresh and salt waters, and to corrosion by soil. Extensive researches have also been made on the protection of ferrous metals by paints and metal coatings.

Analyzes the impact of regulations on the process of the diffusion and development of environment technologies from the perspective of both firm and technology policies. Based on a case study in the Turkish fertilizer industry, observes that regulations and public pressures are the main determinants both in the transfer and in the diffusion of environment technologies, indicating the importance of the institutional infrastructure, namely the interplay among firms, government and non‐governmental organizations. Thus, attempts to integrate the findings of the study and concludes with some technology policy issues both at the micro and macro level.

This paper aims to analyze the legal framework of land degradation in Asia and provide market shared liability as a new theory to solve a problem regarding the difficulty for judges to determine the percentage of compensation for corporations responsible for land degradation. This paper aims also presents a theory to solve the problem of the vacuum of legal responsibility theory, which can make corporations proportionally responsible in terms of causing land degradation.

This was done through legal research methods, mainly with systematical interpretation. The approach used in this paper is conceptual, statute and comparative approach.

By analyzing the related legal norms, it can be understood that in Asian countries, such as Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, there are regulations regarding land degradation. However, the regulations in these countries are not specific and tend to focus on nature conservation, which has an impact on handling land degradation. Therefore, it needs special regulation to deal with land degradation. One of the things that need to be regulated about land degradation is a market shared liability.

This research is limited to regulation in the Asia region. By analyzing the regulation, this paper will provide an analysis about the land degradation regulation mechanism in Asia and give an analysis about market shared liability as one of the solution to handling land degradation. Having the same ground rules will create synergies between countries in Asia to handle land degradation.

This paper is the first systematic legal research comparing regulations from three nations in Asia on land degradation and the first paper to provide market shared liability as a solution to handling land degradation.

This analysis develops and predicts a politically controversial idea, namely that nuclear fission power will be the dominant energy resource of the 21st century. Abundant energy enables higher and more efficient utilization of resources. Energy drives the engines of industrial and food production, transportation, building construction, space heating, transformation of landscapes, recreation, etc. This article compares other energy alternatives with the potential of nuclear fission power. It predicts that several hundred nuclear plants, each nominally of 10 gigawatts capacity, could supply the world’s energy requirements without creation of polluting greenhouse gases. Moreover, the superabundance of power this would represent could feed the world, supply its drinking water, and raise the per capita income and standard of living to levels where total human population would level off at an acceptable number. However, realization of such benefits requires unprecedented world cooperation, and these issues are also treated in this article.