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Article
Publication date: 8 May 2018

Anti-money laundering effectiveness: assessing outcomes or ticking boxes?

Ronald F. Pol

This article aims to constructively critique the new global methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-money laundering regimes against defined outcomes.

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Abstract

Purpose

This article aims to constructively critique the new global methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-money laundering regimes against defined outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

With surprisingly little discussion at the intersection of the money laundering and policy effectiveness and outcomes scholarship and practice, this article combines elements of these disciplines and recent peer-review evaluations, to qualitatively assess the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF’s) anti-money laundering “effectiveness” methodology.

Findings

FATF’s “effectiveness” methodology does not yet reflect an outcome-oriented framework as it purports. Misapplication of outcome labels to outputs and activities miss an opportunity to evaluate outcomes, as the impact and effect of anti-money laundering policies.

Practical implications

If the “outcomes” of the “effectiveness” framework do not match the crime and terrorism prevention policy goals of nation states, the new “main” component for assessing the effectiveness of anti-money laundering regimes potentially detracts focus and resources from, rather than towards, intended policy objectives.

Originality/value

There is a dearth of scholarship whether the global anti-money laundering “effectiveness” framework is sufficiently robust to assess effectiveness as it purports. This article begins addressing that gap.

Details

Journal of Money Laundering Control, vol. 21 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2017-0029
ISSN: 1368-5201

Keywords

  • Outcomes
  • Financial Action Task Force
  • Anti-money laundering
  • Counter-terrorism financing
  • Policy effectiveness
  • Profit-motivated crime

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Book part
Publication date: 15 June 2007

Transport Policies: Actions, Intentions and Perceived Effectiveness

Dominic Stead

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Building Blocks for Sustainable Transport
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/9780857245168-012
ISBN: 978-0-85-724516-8

Content available
Article
Publication date: 11 June 2018

The effectiveness of fiscal policy: contributions from institutions and external debts

Nguyen Phuc Canh

The effectiveness of fiscal policy is an interesting field in literature of macroeconomics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on…

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Abstract

Purpose

The effectiveness of fiscal policy is an interesting field in literature of macroeconomics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth under contributions from the differences in institutions and external debt levels.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use panel data from 2002 to 2014 from 20 emerging markets and use GMM estimators for unbalanced panel data.

Findings

The results show positive growth effects of fiscal policy across emerging markets in the examined periods. Notably, the improvement in institutions promotes higher crowding-in effects of fiscal policy. In addition, this paper finds interesting evidences that the external debt has non-linear effects on economic growth, whereas the heterogeneous effects of fiscal policy on economic growth as positive effects in low indebted level and negative effect in high indebted level may explain the mechanism of this non-linear relationship.

Originality/value

This study proposes the non-linear relationship of fiscal growth effects in emerging economies under the dynamic of debt levels.

Details

Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, vol. 25 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-05-2018-0009
ISSN: 2515-964X

Keywords

  • Institutions
  • Effectiveness
  • Fiscal policy
  • External debt

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Book part
Publication date: 15 July 2009

Chapter 1 A framework for the analysis of the effectiveness of arms embargoes

Michael Brzoska

The popularity of arms embargoes makes sense on the one hand but can be puzzling on the other. Since arms are a type of good often linked directly to war and peace as one…

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Abstract

The popularity of arms embargoes makes sense on the one hand but can be puzzling on the other. Since arms are a type of good often linked directly to war and peace as one of the central objects of international politics, stemming the flow of arms to a country or group accused of acting against international peace and security is a logical response. However, while this reaction is frequent, it is not generally regarded as being effective. In fact, arms embargoes have a reputation of not functioning well. One can find many references, in academic literature and policy papers alike, which state that arms embargoes “do not work” that they are “ineffective” or that they are “not worth the paper they are printed on.” The paradox that sanctions are deemed to be of little consequence but are still popular among policy-makers (Baldwin, 1997) is particularly striking.

Details

Putting Teeth in the Tiger: Improving the Effectiveness of Arms Embargoes
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1572-8323(2009)0000010005
ISBN: 978-1-84855-202-9

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Article
Publication date: 10 October 2008

Implementation and effectiveness of organizational information security measures

Janne Merete Hagen, Eirik Albrechtsen and Jan Hovden

The purpose of this paper is to study the implementation of organizational information security measures and assess the effectiveness of such measures.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the implementation of organizational information security measures and assess the effectiveness of such measures.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was designed and data were collected from information security managers in a selection of Norwegian organizations.

Findings

Technical‐administrative security measures such as security policies, procedures and methods are the most commonly implemented organizational information security measures in a sample of Norwegian organizations. Awareness‐creating activities are applied by the organizations to a considerably lesser extent, but are at the same time these are assessed as being more effective organizational measures than technical‐administrative ones. Consequently, the study shows an inverse relationship between the implementation of organizational information security measures and assessed effectiveness of the organizational information security measures.

Originality/value

Provides insight into the non‐technological side of information security. While most other studies look at the effectiveness of single organizational security measures, the present study considers combinations of organizational security measures.

Details

Information Management & Computer Security, vol. 16 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09685220810908796
ISSN: 0968-5227

Keywords

  • Data security
  • Organizations
  • Norway

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Article
Publication date: 21 June 2013

Intra‐regional diffusion of spectrum license allocation policies

Nicolai Pogrebnyakov and Carleen F. Maitland

This paper aims to develop a greater understanding of international telecommunications policy diffusion through preliminary, qualitative analysis of an expected utility…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to develop a greater understanding of international telecommunications policy diffusion through preliminary, qualitative analysis of an expected utility model. The model is tested through analyses of diffusion of spectrum license allocation policies within and between regions.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative comparative case method is used. Cases are developed from secondary data from the European Union and South America, and analyzed at the national and regional levels.

Findings

The results suggest: the expected utility model can be used for in‐depth qualitative analyses to compare effects of various diffusion mechanisms; diffusion of spectrum license allocation policies at the regional level was more strongly driven by a policy's likely effectiveness, as compared to potential payoffs for policymakers; and conversely, at the national level diffusion was driven by both payoffs for the policymakers and likely policy effectiveness.

Originality/value

The two academic contributions of the paper are its expansion of a unified policy diffusion model to simultaneously account for regional and national levels of governance, as well as for technological change and its application in the telecommunications domain. Practical contributions include providing a framework for systematic analysis of a telecommunications policy's benefits for the public as well as policymakers.

Details

info, vol. 15 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/info-06-2012-0028
ISSN: 1463-6697

Keywords

  • Policy diffusion
  • Auctions
  • Regionalism
  • European Union
  • South America

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Article
Publication date: 5 November 2019

What drives self-disclosure in mobile payment applications? The effect of privacy assurance approaches, network externality, and technology complementarity

Xiang Gong, Kem Z.K. Zhang, Chongyang Chen, Christy M.K. Cheung and Matthew K.O. Lee

Drawing on the control agency theory and the network effect theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of privacy assurance approaches, network externality…

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Abstract

Purpose

Drawing on the control agency theory and the network effect theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of privacy assurance approaches, network externality and technology complementarity on consumers’ self-disclosure in mobile payment (MP) applications. The authors identify four types of privacy assurance approaches: perceived effectiveness of privacy setting, perceived effectiveness of privacy policy, perceived effectiveness of industry self-regulation and perceived effectiveness of government legislation. The research model considers how these privacy assurance approaches influence privacy concerns and consumers’ self-disclosure in MP applications under boundary conditions of network externality and technology complementarity.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey with 647 sample users was conducted to empirically validate the model. The target respondents were current consumers of a popular MP application. The empirical data were analyzed by a structural equation modeling approach.

Findings

The empirical results reveal several major findings. First, privacy assurance approaches can effectively decrease privacy concerns, which ultimately formulates consumers’ self-disclosure in MP applications. Second, network externality and technology complementarity weaken the effect of perceived effectiveness of privacy setting on privacy concerns. Third, network externality and technology complementarity strengthen the relationship between perceived effectiveness of government legislation and privacy concerns, while they have non-significant interaction effect with perceived effectiveness of privacy policy and industry self-regulation on privacy concerns.

Practical implications

MP providers and stakeholders can harness the efficacy of privacy assurance approaches in alleviating privacy concerns and promoting consumers’ self-disclosure in MP applications.

Originality/value

The authors’ work contributes to the information privacy literature by identifying effective privacy assurance approaches in promoting consumers’ self-disclosure in MP applications, and by highlighting boundary conditions of these privacy assurance approaches.

Details

Information Technology & People, vol. 33 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-03-2018-0132
ISSN: 0959-3845

Keywords

  • Privacy concerns
  • Survey
  • Consumer behaviour
  • Structural equation modelling
  • Self-disclosure
  • Mobile payment applications
  • Privacy assurance approaches
  • Control agency theory
  • Network effect theory

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Article
Publication date: 7 October 2019

Anti-money laundering ratings: uncovering evidence hidden in plain sight

Ronald F. Pol

This paper aims to increase the transparency of information in official anti-money laundering rating data to assist evidence-informed decision-making in compliance, policy…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to increase the transparency of information in official anti-money laundering rating data to assist evidence-informed decision-making in compliance, policy-making and research.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper converts anti-money laundering rating data into information-rich visualisations, reintroduces a comparison methodology and ranks all anti-money laundering regimes evaluated to date.

Findings

Official anti-money laundering ratings as currently structured and presented offer surprisingly little policy-relevant information. Persistent failure to transform available data into information for knowledge and insight suggests that the risk has been realised that impressionistic judgments or politicised interests drive the policy agenda at least as much as objective evidence or substantive economic and social goals.

Practical implications

Any reluctance to generate policy-relevant information from the industry’s primary data set or disinclination to engage constructively with a growing body of independent critical policy effectiveness evidence calls into question whether implementing anti-money laundering controls with some prospect of achieving substantial societal benefits, or perpetuating the current system, prevails.

Originality/value

With a dearth of scholarship at the intersection of money laundering and policy effectiveness scholarship and practice, this paper combines elements of these disciplines and examines anti-money laundering effectiveness from a different viewpoint. Rather than seeking to measure money laundering or estimate the proportion of criminal proceeds successfully intercepted, this paper draws directly from the anti-money laundering industry’s own “main” data set.

Details

Journal of Money Laundering Control, vol. 22 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-01-2019-0006
ISSN: 1368-5201

Keywords

  • Evaluation
  • Outcomes
  • FATF
  • Anti-money laundering
  • Policy effectiveness
  • Profit-motivated crime

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Article
Publication date: 12 February 2018

A Weighted Displacement Quotient model for understanding the impact of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Evidence from Seoul, South Korea

Il-Hyoung Cho and Kyujin Jung

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), a crime prevention tool, on reducing rates of sexual…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), a crime prevention tool, on reducing rates of sexual assault. In addition, the study attempts to understand if CPTED results in crime displacement in non-target areas.

Design/methodology/approach

This research utilizes a Weighted Displacement Quotient (WDQ) model to analyze the effects of CPTED, which is an appropriate tool in fields of regional-scale crime prevention and on sexual assault prevention. WDQ is capable of analyzing policy effectiveness while controlling for geographical crime displacement, a known side effect of CPTED in the literature.

Findings

The analysis results show that CPTED is an effective tool to prevent sexual assaults in South Korea. The sexual assault occurrence rate decreased in the CPTED implementation zone of Yeomri-dong Mapo-gu. WDQ showed that crime displacement occurred in adjacent areas in Daeheung-dong and Ahyun-dong. But, crime displacement was lower than the policy effectiveness in the target zone.

Originality/value

The policy implications of this research are immense. First, CPTED for the prevention of sexual assaults should be considered as a pre-control tool. Second, a strategic method for more effectively implementing CPTED is required. Third, because CPTED is a policy done on a regional scale, provisions need to be in place to manage crime displacement.

Details

Policing: An International Journal, vol. 41 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2016-0100
ISSN: 1363-951X

Keywords

  • Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
  • South Korea
  • Situational crime prevention
  • Interrupted time series
  • Weighted Displacement Quotient

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Article
Publication date: 27 July 2012

Do “hard” diversity policies increase ethnic minority representation?: An assessment of their (in)effectiveness using administrative data

Stijn Verbeek and Sandra Groeneveld

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of three types of diversity policies in improving the numerical representation of ethnic minorities in organizations: the…

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of three types of diversity policies in improving the numerical representation of ethnic minorities in organizations: the assignment of responsibility for the policy within the organization, tiebreak preferential treatment, i.e. selecting the ethnic minority candidate if the best applicants are equally qualified, and the formulation of target figures.

Design/methodology/approach

The dataset consists of 8,283 official reports of Dutch work organizations filed in 2001 and 2002 to comply with the Act Stimulation Labor Participation Minorities (Wet SAMEN). The research is embedded in the broader literature on the underlying motivations for diversity policies and on their potential “symbolic” character.

Findings

The analysis suggests that the three diversity policies and ethnic minority representation are correlated. However, the policies do not impact ethnic minority participation rates in the short run.

Research limitations/implications

Future research should also include long‐term effects, actual implementation processes, and the effectiveness of these three policies in combination with other policies and in specific contexts.

Practical implications

Policymakers and strategic HRM practitioners should adopt a long time frame in trying to increase ethnic minority representation. In line with previous research, the study evaluates assigning responsibility within organizations most positively.

Originality/value

These “hard” policies are central to the debate on equal opportunities, employment equity, and ethnic diversity, but few large N effectiveness studies are available.

Details

Personnel Review, vol. 41 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249157
ISSN: 0048-3486

Keywords

  • Diversity policies
  • Ethnic minority representation
  • Organizational responsibility
  • Preferential treatment
  • Target figures
  • Employment equity
  • Diversity management
  • Ethnic minorities
  • Targets

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