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This paper aims to identify and explore the overall frequency and characteristics of policy conflicts, with a focus upon those factors affecting conflict resolutions in South Korea.

The study uses data from cases of conflict from the Korean Public Policy Conflict Database (KPPCDB) (1948-2014). For the analysis of data, chi-squared test and multinomial logistic regression are used.

The findings show a total of 2,030 policy conflicts in 1948-2014, most of which were conflicts of interest (47.9 per cent). More than 70 per cent (71.2 per cent) were policy conflicts between the government and the private sector; the field with the most policy conflicts was regional development (21.0 per cent), and 84.1 per cent of all policy conflicts were resolved. The factors that affected conflict resolution by interest were conflicts between the government and private sector, authoritarian government, national regions and capital areas.

This paper suggests reforming the current procedures of conflict management, adopting alternative dispute resolutions, and developing a social-consensus-building process for efficiently resolving conflicts.

This study built a database (KPPCDB) examining 66 years of conflict cases that took place between 1948, the year the Korean Government was established, and 2014. This database covers all cases of policy conflicts that occurred in Korea and provides a comprehensive understanding of the phenomena of policy conflicts and conflict resolution.

Conflict in various forms is a natural consequence of the power of one party to take actions and decisions that affect others. It can be studied from many different standpoints. In policy conflict, the relative complexity or simplicity depends very much on whose interests are being considered as new measures are debated. Many policy issues are more complex than most people thought. They are simplified for public debate. Some interests are marginalized while others remain central to the discussion. Realizing the inherent trade-offs, knowing what elements of debate are present and absent, and what are the causes of the policy structure that we observe are all central to understanding the representative nature of policy conflicts. This is what the book is all about.

As discussed in the preceding chapter, the impact of a financial crisis can be very severe, creating conflicts of various types. We have also learned that formulating an appropriate policy response to a crisis is not easy, involving many trade-offs and complex chains of reaction, especially when numerous institutions get involved in business deals that have only a few same underlying transactions. The longer a crisis lasts, the more difficult to find policies that will work effectively. The experience of Japan with her long recession since early 1990s is a notable example. No one knows exactly how long the 2007/2008 crisis will last.

The purpose of this paper is to show and critically discuss the motivations, conflicting narratives, practices and effects around the marketisation of cultural heritage. The work focusses on the exemplar case study of the ancient temple of the Athenian Parthenon, as a proto-brand, to explore ancient, medieval and modern marketing forces and practices through which various stakeholders have promoted, gifted, commercially traded, exchanged, acquired and illegally removed national cultural artefacts and historical monuments.

The study is based on a structured historical periodisation that covers three main eras – classical age, late antiquity and modern period – that triggered the marketisation of the ancient temple in diverse ways. First, historical research was conducted through the use of a range of secondary sources and archives. Second, observation techniques were used to study heritage marketisation practices at the New Acropolis Museum and the Parthenon in Athens and the British Museum in London. Third, visual material further facilitated the analysis.

This paper identifies multifarious institutional forces, political interests, technologies and sociocultural events that shape the commodification of history and marketisation of heritage offering a broader discussion on the evolution of early marketing practices and brands used to promote particular values, cultures and places, as well as the emergence and growth of illicit arts and antiquities markets.

Considering the lack of marketing research on the commercialisation of heritage, the work discloses novel insights around the use of cultural proto-brands and the formation of illegal markets and questionable arts trade practices. It, therefore, questions the ethical, socio-political, economic and aesthetic implications of the extensive marketisation of history and raises issues around the legitimate ownership, promotion and consumption of heritage.

This paper aims to propose a research agenda towards a holistic, grounded and flexible approach to cultural heritage that can address social challenges and transformations in the context of place. It critiques the dominant/hegemonic cultural heritage narratives, deriving from juridification and calls for a grounded approach in the way cultural heritage is framed and experienced.

The paper is conceptual, focusing on the need to open a line of enquiry into the relationship between legal texts, cultural heritage narratives and social challenges and transformations. It follows the letter of the international conventions on cultural heritage against the worked example of the medieval town of Rhodes in Greece.

The paper sets the relevant research priorities for the investigation of the effective relationship between cultural heritage and social challenges in the context of place, and further stretches the need to evaluate the role of legal and regulatory texts to that effect.

The paper identifies new priorities for thinking about the effects of juridification/the law, cultural heritage and social challenges/transformations in a place-specific context. It seeks to open new avenues of scientific explorations and new interdisciplinary dialogues between a variety of disciplines that are relevant to the way a place engages and addresses social challenges and transformations.

Discusses the lessons learned from a two‐year, WHO/DANIDA funded health management development project at district level in Zambia. The project was implemented by the Zambian Ministry of Health whose active interest and political commitment ensured the continuation and the country‐wide expansion of the management development process. After describing in detail project objectives, implementation and evaluation findings, suggests some factors which are likely to have contributed to the sustainability of the management development process after the end of external assistance. The most important of these factors was the right “fit” between donors' and recipients' policies. Donors showed a long‐term perspective and a conscious attention to avoid actions which might induce dependence. This matched very well with the recipient's strategic vision, political will, and the project's pattern of “ownership”.

The conduct of this research represents part of an effort to modify audit risk model (ARM) as an implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by certified public accounting (CPA) firms. It is intended to make clear the phenomena about the relationship between audit risk (AR), implementation of business ethics principles (IBEP) and corporate governance risk (CGR).

The method used was hypothesis testing. Unit of analysis was individual (i.e. Indonesian CPA), and the gathering of data was cross‐sectional. The sample was determined by purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires, and data analysis was conducted by structural equation modeling (SEM).

According to Indonesian CPAs' perception, the AR is affected by the client's CGR, whereas the client's IBEP does not affect AR, but clients' CGR and IBEP both significantly affect AR. It is suggested: first, that the next researcher should study audit risk related to business ethics. Second, that the management should strengthen the implementation of business ethics in running a business; and finally that the Bapepam (Capital Market Oversight Board) should oversee both public company and public accountant in the implementation of governance.

This research noted some implications, including: nature and intensity of gathering data, restricted respondent (CPA‐CMAF), and restricted variables of corporate governance (BoD, and Audit Committee).

This research suggests the necessity to modify ARM by dividing inherent risk into errors risk and fraud risk as bases for accumulating audit evidence.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.