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The use of pneumatic conveying of solid bulk over long distance has become a popular technique due to low operational cost, low maintenance requirement, layout flexibility and ease of automation. The purpose of this paper is to identifity the flow regime in a pneumatic conveyor system by electrodynamic sensor placed around the pipe using fuzzy logic tools.

Electrical charge tomography is used to detect the existence of inherent charge on the moving particles through the pipe. Linear back projection algorithm and filtered back projection algorithm are employed to produce tomography image. Baffles of different shapes are inserted to create various flow regimes, such as full flow, three quarter flow, half flow and quarter flow. Fuzzy logic tools are used to identify different flow regimes and produce filtered back concentration profiles for each flow regime.

The results show significant improvement in the pipe flow image resolution and measurement.

This paper presents a flow identifier method using electrical charge tomography and fuzzy logic to monitor solid particles flow in pipeline.

Circular pipelines are mostly used for pneumatic conveyance in industrial processes. For optimum and efficient production in industries that use a pipeline for conveyance, tomographic image of the transport particles is paramount. Sensing mechanism plays a vital role in process tomography. The purpose of this paper is to present a two‐dimensional (2‐D) model for sensing the characteristics of electrostatic sensors for electrical charge tomography system. The proposed model uses the finite‐element method.

The domain is discretized into discrete shapes, called finite elements, by using a MATLAB. Each of these elements is taken as image pixels, on which the electric charges carried by conveyed particles are transformed into equations. The charges' interaction and the sensors installed around the circumference, at the sensing zone of the conveying pipeline are related by the proposed model equations. A matrix compression technique was also introduced to solve the problem of unevenly sensing characteristics of the sensors due to elements' number's concentration. The model equations were used to simulate the modeled electrostatic charge distribution carried by the particles moving in the pipeline.

The simulated results show that the proposed sensors are highly sensitive to electrostatic charge at any position in the sensing zone, thereby making it a good candidate for tomographic image reconstruction.

Tomographic imaging using finite element method is found to be more accurate and reliable compared to linear and filtered back projection method.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new vibration probe sensor for measurement of particle mass flow rate in gas–solid two phase flow.

A new vibration probe sensor based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film is designed. The particle impact model according to Hertz contacting theory is presented. The average amplitude, standard deviation and spectral peak at the natural frequency of the probe (21.2 kHz) of the signals acquired through experiments are chosen as characteristic quantities for further analysis.

Through experimental study of relation between three characteristic quantities and the mass flow rate and air flow velocity, a good regularity is found in the average amplitude and the spectral peaks at natural frequency of the probe. According to the particle impact model, the structure of quantitative model is built and parameters of two models are calculated from experimental data. Additionally, tests are made to estimate mass flow rate. The average errors are 5.85 and 4.26 per cent, while the maximum errors are 10.81 and 8.65 per cent. The spectral peak at natural frequency of the probe is more applicable for mass flow rate measurement.

The sensor designed and the quantitative models established may be used in dilute phase pneumatic conveying lines of coal-fired power plants, cement manufacturing facilities and so on.

First, the new sensor is designed and the quantitative models are established. Second, the spectral peak at natural frequency of the probe is found that can be used for measurement of mass flow rate.

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of types of tomographic systems that have been widely researched within the past 10 years. Decades of research on non-invasively and non-intrusively visualizing and monitoring gas-liquid multi-phase flow in process plants in making sure that the industrial system has high quality control. Process tomography is a developing measurement technology for industrial flow visualization.

A review of types of tomographic systems that have been widely researched especially in the application of gas-liquid flow within the past 10 years was conducted. The sensor system operating fundamentals and assessment of each tomography technology are discussed and explained in detail.

Potential future research on gas-liquid flow in a conducting vessel using ultrasonic tomography sensor system is addressed.

The authors would like to undertake that the above-mentioned manuscript is original, has not been published elsewhere, accepted for publication elsewhere or under editorial review for publication elsewhere and that my Institute’s Universiti Teknologi Malaysia representative is fully aware of this submission.

A systems perspective of waste management allows an integrated approach not only to the five basic functional elements of waste management itself (generation, reduction, collection, recycling, disposal), but to the problems arising at the interfaces with the management of energy, nature conservation, environmental protection, economic factors like unemployment and productivity, etc. This monograph separately describes present practices and the problems to be solved in each of the functional areas of waste management and at the important interfaces. Strategies for more efficient control are then proposed from a systems perspective. Systematic and objective means of solving problems become possible leading to optimal management and a positive contribution to economic development, not least through resource conservation. India is the particular context within which waste generation and management are discussed. In considering waste disposal techniques, special attention is given to sewage and radioactive wastes.

Electrostatic sensors are applied to measure velocity of solid particles in many industries because controlling the velocity particles improves product quality and process efficiency. The purpose of current paper is optimization of these sensors which is required to achieve maximum spatial sensitivity and minimum statistical error.

Different electrode of electrostatic sensors with different length, thickness and sensor separations were experimentally applied in laboratory. Then, correlation velocity, signal bandwidth and statistical error were calculated.

High sensor separation is a crucial factor because it would lead to increase signal similarity and decrease statistical error. This paper focuses on the effect of sensor separation on optimization of electrostatic sensors.

From observations, the optimal value for length, thickness and sensor separations was 0.6, 0.5 and 15 cm, respectively. Consequently, statistical error has improved by about 17 per cent. These results provided a significant basis of optimization of electrostatic sensors.

The purpose of this paper is to review the industrial sensing applications of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and is in two parts. This, the second part, considers the infrared (IR) to radio‐frequency (RF) spectral regions.

This paper discusses the sensing applications of EMR in the IR to RF region, through reference to the techniques employed, products and their applications.

This paper shows that this spectral region is used in a diversity of sensors for the measurement of physical variables, gases and chemical compounds. The most widely used phenomena are absorption and reflection. Applications are found in a wide range of industries.

This paper provides a detailed review of the sensing uses of EMR with wavelengths longer than visible light.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a significant modification of the sensitivity maps calculation process using electric field distribution analysis. A sensitivity matrix is typically a crucial part of a deterministic image reconstruction process in a three-dimensional capacitance tomography (3D ECT) and strictly decides about a final image quality. Commonly used sensitivity matrix computation methods mostly provide acceptable results and additionally allow to perform a recalculation of sensitivity maps according to the changing permittivity distribution.

The new “tunnel-based” algorithm is proposed which traces the surfaces constructed along the electric field lines. The new solution is developed and tested using experimental data.

To fully validate the new technique both linear and non-linear image reconstruction processes were performed and the criteria of image error estimation were discussed. This paper discusses some preliminary results of the image reconstruction process using the new proposed algorithm. As a result of this research, an increased accuracy of the new method is proved.

The presented results of image reconstruction with new sensitivity matrix in comparison with the classic matrix proved that the new solution is able to improve the convergence and stability of image reconstruction process for 3D ECT imaging.

Many industries accomplish green innovation for sustainable development, but it should play a significant role in the sustainable development and implementation of an organizations benefit. The purpose of this paper is to examine if green business innovation in terms of technology, organization, stakeholder and policies is able to develop competitive advantages.

This study was carried out in two stages and covered 4 variables and 21 indicators. Based on the experts’ opinions and literature review, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 113 experts of oil refining companies in Iran. The data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling technique.

The results indicated the effects of organizational factors, legislation, regulations and technology on green innovation. They also revealed the role of green innovation in reaching competitive advantages. Moreover, the relationship between stakeholder and green innovation was investigated.

The findings provide guidance on how firms can be better prepared for green innovation and get the most out of it and deal with the risks involved in green innovation, it is important that companies evaluate organization, technology and environment readiness and formulate corresponding strategies. Such a proactive approach can help enterprise control and minimize the risks of green innovation. A self-evaluation of the green innovation readiness of an enterprise helps the enterprise establish a mechanism to keep track of technological evolution.

This study contributes to the emerging field of green innovation which embed organization, technology, stakeholders, legislation and flows of the value created, delivered and captured in a value network. It also highlights the gaps in addressing the challenges of an innovative model for competitive advantages and suggests avenues for future research.

The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review on human factors in aircraft maintenance and to analyze and synthesize the findings in the literature on human factors engineering in aircraft maintenance.

The review adopts a threefold approach: searching and collecting the scientific literature; sorting them on the basis of relevance and applications; and review of the scientific evidences. Broad areas of aircraft maintenance regulations are identified and each area was explored to study the level of scientific growth and publications. Notable theories, models and concepts are being summarized.

Application of human factor principles in aviation spread beyond the technical arena of man-machine interface. The discipline has created a great impact on aircraft design, operations and maintenance. Its applications have percolated into design of aircraft maintenance facilities, task cards and equipment. Human factor concepts are being used for maintenance resource management. The principles are applied to shape the safety behavior and culture in aviation maintenance workplace. Nevertheless, the review unfolds immense potential for future research.

Research outcomes of non-aviation studies are also reviewed and consolidated to extend the applications to the aviation industry.

This review would be a consolidated source of information confining to the physical aspect of human factors engineering in aircraft maintenance. It is intended to serve as a quick reference guide to the researchers and maintenance practitioners.

It brought out the benefits of adopting the principles of human factor engineering in aircraft maintenance. Application of human factor philosophy ensures enhanced safety in air transport, personal safety and well-being of maintenance personnel.

This is a unique review based on aircraft maintenance regulations that are baseline performance standards made mandatory by regulatory authorities. Therefore, the review has been considered to be made on aircraft maintenance regulatory requirements that surpass corporate or competitive strategies in aviation maintenance organization.