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Open Access
Article
Publication date: 5 March 2018

Alice Moore and Helen Lynch

Play occupation has been identified as an essential part of children’s lives, and it subsequently features in paediatric occupational therapy. However, few studies address the…

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Abstract

Purpose

Play occupation has been identified as an essential part of children’s lives, and it subsequently features in paediatric occupational therapy. However, few studies address the current place of play and play occupation in occupational therapy practice. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by exploring paediatric occupational therapists’ perspectives on the place of play and play occupation in occupational therapy practice in Ireland.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted to gather data about the current use of play in the occupational therapy for children under 12 years. Convenience sampling and snowball recruitment techniques were used to recruit paediatric occupational therapists. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis.

Findings

In total, 65 therapists responded to the survey (estimated response rate, 32%). Results are organised into four sections: demographics and practice context, play assessment practices, use of play in practice and perceived barriers to play-centred practice. Respondents reported that they valued play as a childhood occupation. However, the survey findings identified that the primary focus was on play as a means to an end. Lack of education on play (research, theory and interventions) and pressures in the workplace have been identified as barriers to play-centred practice.

Research limitations/implications

Findings indicate that there is a mismatch between therapists valuing play as an occupation and how play is used in occupational therapy practice. Unless clarifications are made about play occupation as being different to skills acquisition in childhood, play occupation will continue to get overlooked as an authentic concern of occupation-centred practice. Thus, play as occupation deserves further attention from educators, researchers and practitioners as a means of strengthening occupation-centred practice, in particular play-centred practice in the paediatric context.

Originality/value

Play has been described as an important occupation in childhood, and consequently, it features in paediatric occupational therapy. However, little is known about the current place of play in occupational therapy practice. This study addresses this gap by considering the current place of play in occupational therapy practice in Ireland.

Details

Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy, vol. 46 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2398-8819

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 6 August 2018

Julie L. Hotchkiss and Anil Rupasingha

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the importance of individual social capital characteristics in determining wages, both directly through their valuation by employers and…

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the importance of individual social capital characteristics in determining wages, both directly through their valuation by employers and indirectly through their impact on individual occupational choice. We find that a person’s level of sociability and care for others works through both channels to explain wage differences between social and nonsocial occupations. Additionally, expected wages in each occupation type are found to be at least as important as a person’s level of social capital in choosing a social occupation. We make use of restricted 2000 Decennial Census and 2000 Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey.

Book part
Publication date: 25 February 2016

Elizabeth Weber Handwerker and James R. Spletzer

This paper uses the microdata of the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey to assess the contribution of occupational concentration to wage inequality between…

Abstract

This paper uses the microdata of the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey to assess the contribution of occupational concentration to wage inequality between establishments and its growth over time. We show that occupational concentration plays an important role in wage determination for workers, in a wide variety of occupations, and can explain some establishment-level wage variation. Occupational concentration is increasing during the 2000–2011 time period, although much of this change is explained by other observable establishment characteristics. Overall, occupational concentration can help explain a small amount of wage inequality growth between establishments during this time period.

Details

Inequality: Causes and Consequences
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-810-0

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 November 2007

Emmanuelle Vaast

To investigate the presentation of self of participants in occupational online forums.

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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the presentation of self of participants in occupational online forums.

Design/methodology/approach

Interpretation of more than 300 profiles of participants to a banking‐related occupational online forum based on Goffman's seminal analysis of presentation of self and on the literature on mystification and fragmentation in virtual environments.

Findings

Contributors to the occupational online forum adopted one of several main categories of profiles. These categories differed in the degree of detail with which profiles were filled and showed that forum users chose a certain degree of mystification or de‐mystification for their profile. The presentation of self in the online occupational forum was related to the presentation in offline environments, such as in the workplace as well as to other online contexts, such as in electronic chats. The categories of profiles were also associated with strikingly different registration dates and number of posts per year and per contributor.

Research limitations/implications

The research analyzed only the profiles of contributors to the online forum, but not their motivations or posts.

Practical implications

Employees and employers should hone their ability to present online information about themselves and to interpret the virtual image(s) others present.

Originality/value

This paper covers: grounded categorization of adopted fronts in occupational online forums; conceptualization of the presentation of self in online environments as related to the participation of multiple online and offline social contexts; identification of simultaneous processes of fragmentation and continuity at play in online forums through their participants' presentation of self.

Details

Information Technology & People, vol. 20 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0959-3845

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 16 August 2022

Rachael Wheatley and Sam Baker

This discussion paper aims to highlight the role of occupational therapy (OT) in understanding stalking and in interventions designed to assist the perpetrator to lead a more…

Abstract

Purpose

This discussion paper aims to highlight the role of occupational therapy (OT) in understanding stalking and in interventions designed to assist the perpetrator to lead a more fulfilling life through healthier occupations.

Design/methodology/approach

This study highlights the role of OT in understanding stalking and in designing interventions to assist the perpetrator by extending discussions, drawing on the authors’ practitioner experiences and upon recent study findings on what drives men who stalk.

Findings

Stalking is a problem behaviour that is often effort-intense, all-consuming, emotionally driven and psychologically damaging for both victims and perpetrators. It consists of a patterned occupation of time which is overarchingly dysfunctional, yet intrinsically purposeful. As humans, our actions and occupations have meaning to us. Stalking can be conceptualised as a meaningful yet self-defeating and harmful pattern of occupations. This paper illustrates how stalking could be addressed through the additional contribution of OT to multi-agency approaches.

Research limitations/implications

This paper extends the discussion by drawing on the authors’ clinical practitioner experiences and upon recent study findings on what drives men who stalk.

Practical implications

This paper highlights the role of OT in understanding stalking and in interventions designed to assist the perpetrator to lead a more fulfilling life through healthier occupations.

Originality/value

This marriage of knowledge from OT and stalking research is set out in support of the application of OT within multi-agency approaches to working with people who stalk.

Details

Journal of Criminal Psychology, vol. 13 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2009-3829

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 23 January 2023

Joseph G. Altonji, John Eric Humphries and Ling Zhong

This chapter uses a college-by-graduate degree fixed effects estimator to evaluate the returns to 19 different graduate degrees for men and women. We find substantial variation…

Abstract

This chapter uses a college-by-graduate degree fixed effects estimator to evaluate the returns to 19 different graduate degrees for men and women. We find substantial variation across degrees, and evidence that OLS overestimates the returns to degrees with the highest average earnings and underestimates the returns to degrees with the lowest average earnings. Second, we decompose the impacts on earnings into effects on wage rates and effects on hours. For most degrees, the earnings gains come from increased wage rates, though hours play an important role in some degrees, such as medicine, especially for women. Third, we estimate the net present value and internal rate of return for each degree, which account for the time and monetary costs of degrees. Finally, we provide descriptive evidence that satisfaction gains are large for some degrees with smaller economic returns, such as education and humanities degrees, especially for men.

Book part
Publication date: 25 November 2019

Luis F. Alvarez León

A wave of technological change in the first decades of the twenty-first century is prefiguring a fundamental restructuring of society. Key among the driving forces behind such…

Abstract

A wave of technological change in the first decades of the twenty-first century is prefiguring a fundamental restructuring of society. Key among the driving forces behind such change are powerful technologies with the potential to exert major transformations on a range of human activities and, crucially, to do so without direct human intervention. The technologies collectively referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI represent a productive lens through which to investigate two interrelated transformations: the emergence of self-driving cars and the coming shifts in education. This is in particular because AI’s versatility has led it to be directly applied (and increasingly valued) both in new automated driving technologies, and in the development of new forms of instruction. From the educational perspective, this means that the same technologies that are transforming workforce conditions are also reshaping – directly and indirectly – the approaches, objectives, and experiences of students and educational institutions. This chapter lays out how these twin transformations are likely to play out in the case of the automotive industry and the educational pathways of two occupations closely associated with it: automotive engineers and repair technicians. Two key arguments underpin this examination. First, educational programs for these two occupations, (and beyond) should be broadened to develop versatility and adaptability through tools and perspectives that allow people to move vertically within organizations and laterally across industries in the face of rapid technological change. Second, these educational programs must explicitly tackle AI and the coming technological revolution from a variety of dimensions that connect technical skills acquisition with the context on how these technologies are incorporated in society, how they are governed, and what are the various responses to them. This will allow students and professionals to navigate a rapidly changing labor landscape better while endowing them with the vocabulary to actively participate in the debates that shape its construction.

Details

The Educational Intelligent Economy: Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and the Internet of Things in Education
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78754-853-4

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 18 November 2015

Verena Eberhard, Stephanie Matthes and Joachim Gerd Ulrich

Human beings are dependent upon social approval to strengthen their identities. Therefore, they practice impression management: They anticipate which behaviour provokes which…

Abstract

Human beings are dependent upon social approval to strengthen their identities. Therefore, they practice impression management: They anticipate which behaviour provokes which reactions in their social environment, and they tend to exhibit the kind of behaviour that promises positive feedback. Based on the assumption that human beings also show this behaviour in their choice of vocation, we hypothesise that young people are more likely to expect negative reactions from their social environment when choosing a gender-atypical occupation. Furthermore, we assume that the expected reaction of the social environment influences vocational orientation: The anticipation of negative reactions to gender-atypical vocational choice might contribute to explain why young people ignore this occupation. We tested both hypotheses with the help of data retrieved from a survey of young people in Germany who are interested in vocational education and training (VET). The results support our hypotheses; however, they also show that the relevance of a gender-typed vocational choice is weaker if adolescents have a higher educational background. In this case, the choice of an occupation that expresses a high educational status becomes more important. It may lead to an exclusive kind of social approval that is denied to people with a lower educational background.

Details

Gender Segregation in Vocational Education
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78560-347-1

Article
Publication date: 28 August 2018

Erich C. Dierdorff and Herman Aguinis

The purpose of the study is to deepen the understanding of job crafting and its consequences. An occupational framework is proposed as an alternative to the exclusive focus of…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to deepen the understanding of job crafting and its consequences. An occupational framework is proposed as an alternative to the exclusive focus of current theory on the individual and job levels of analysis. This model extends job crafting theory by applying a multilevel framework, examining bottom-up and top-down influences of occupations, and explicates the interplay among occupation- and job-level autonomy and job crafting.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a two-study research program using multilevel modeling and moderated mediation analysis. Data were derived from two large-scale archival databases. Study 1 spanned 701 occupations and 50,729 individuals. Study 2 involved 270 occupations and 3,270 individuals.

Findings

Study 1 reveals that nearly one-third of the variability in job crafting is attributable to occupational context. Study 2 shows that occupational contexts moderate individual-level processes, whereby occupational-level crafting moderated the mediated effects between job-level autonomy, job-level crafting and individual-level outcomes.

Practical implications

Results inform interventions that can be used to facilitate job crafting. Increasing autonomy generally increases job crafting, yet this effect does not always hold. This result demonstrates the importance of attending to the occupations in which people work. Also, job crafting is related to positive outcomes for individuals (e.g. satisfaction) but is also linked to some negative consequences (e.g. burnout).

Originality/value

The research empirically demonstrates the need to expand job crafting theory beyond the individual and job levels, as well as offers a deeper and expanded understanding of job crafting and its relationship with people’s occupations.

Objetivo – El objetivo del presente artículo es profundizar en la comprensión de la creación del puesto (job craftig) y sus consecuencias. Se propone un marco ocupacional como alternativa al foco en el individuo y el puesto de trabajo que plantea la teoría existente. Este modelo extiende la teoría de la creación del puesto aplicando un marco teórico multinivel, examinando las influencias abajo-arriba y arriba-debajo de las ocupaciones, y explica la interrelación entre ocupación, autonomía en el puesto y la creación del puesto.

Diseño/metodología/aproximación

Llevamos a cabo dos estudios utilizando modelización multinivel y análisis de mediación-moderación. Los datos se obtuvieron de dos bases de datos a gran escala. El estudio 1 considera 701 ocupaciones y 50,729 individuos. El estudio 2 considera 270 ocupaciones y 3,270 individuos.

Resultados

El estudio 1 revela que casi un tercio de la variabilidad en la creación del puesto es atribuible al propio contexto de la ocupación. El estudio 2 muestra que el contexto ocupacional modera los procesos a nivel individual mientras que la creación a nivel ocupacional modera los efectos mediadores entre la autonomía del puesto, la creación del puesto y los resultados a nivel individual.

Implicaciones prácticas

Los resultados informa acerca de la actividades que pueden favorecer la creación del puesto. Aumentar la autonomía en general aumenta la creación del puesto, aunque este efecto no se da siempre. Este resultado demuestra la importancia de atender las ocupaciones en las que trabajan los empleados. También, la creación del puesto se relaciona con resultados positivos de los empleados (e.g. satisfacción), pero también con algunas consecuencias negativas (e.g. agotamiento).

Originalidad/valor

El trabajo de investigación demuestra empíricamente la necesidad de expandir la teoría sobre la creación del puesto más allá del estudio del individuo o el trabajo, al tiempo que ofrece una comprensión mayor y más profunda sobre la creación del puesto y su relación con la ocupación de los empleados.

Palabras clave

Creación del puesto (job crafting), multinivel, ocupación, autonomía del puesto

Tipo de artículo – Trabajo de investigación

Objetivo

O objetivo do presente artigo é aprofundar na compreensão da criação do posto de trabalho (job craftig) e suas consequências. Se propõe um marco ocupacional como alternativa ao foco no indivíduo e no posto de trabalho que a teoria existente planteia. Este modelo estende a teoria da criação do posto aplicando um marco teórico multinível, examinando as influências abaixo acima y acima abaixo das ocupações, e explica a inter-relação entre ocupação, autonomia no posto e a criação do posto de trabalho.

Design/metodologia/abordagem

Realizamos dois estudos usando modelagem multinível e análise de mediação-moderação. Os dados foram obtidos de dois bancos de dados de grande porte. O estudo 1 considera 701 ocupações e 50.729 indivíduos. O estudo 2 considera 270 ocupações e 3.270 indivíduos.

Resultados

O Estudo 1 revela que quase um terço da variabilidade na criação de empregos é atribuível ao próprio contexto de ocupação. O estudo 2 mostra que o contexto ocupacional modera os processos no nível individual, enquanto a criação no nível ocupacional modera os efeitos mediadores entre a autonomia do posto de trabalho, a criação do posto de trabalho e os resultados no nível individual.

Implicações práticas

Os resultados informam sobre as atividades que podem favorecer a criação do posto de trabalho. Aumentar a autonomia em geral aumenta a criação do posto, embora esse efeito nem sempre ocorra. Este resultado demonstra a importância de atender às ocupações em que os funcionários trabalhem. Além disso, a criação do posto de trabalho está relacionada a resultados positivos dos funcionários (por exemplo, satisfação), mas também a algumas conseqüências negativas (por exemplo, exaustão).

Originalidade/valor

O investigação demonstra empiricamente a necessidade de expandir a teoria da criação de empregos além do estudo do indivíduo ou do trabalho, ao mesmo tempo que oferece uma compreensão mais profunda da criação do posto de trabalho e sua relação com a ocupação dos funcionários.

Palavras-chave

Criação do posto de trabalho (job crafting), multinível, ocupação, autonomia do posto de trabalho

Tipo de artigo

Trabalho de investigação

Details

Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, vol. 16 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1536-5433

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 7 October 2014

Sangeeta Parashar

Given South Africa's apartheid history, studies have primarily focused on racial discrimination in employment outcomes, with lesser attention paid to gender and context. The…

Abstract

Purpose

Given South Africa's apartheid history, studies have primarily focused on racial discrimination in employment outcomes, with lesser attention paid to gender and context. The purpose of this paper is to fill an important gap by examining the combined effect of macro- and micro-level factors on occupational sex segregation in post-apartheid South Africa. Intersections by race are also explored.

Design/methodology/approach

A multilevel multinomial logistic regression is used to examine the influence of various supply and demand variables on women's placement in white- and blue-collar male-dominated occupations. Data from the 2001 Census and other published sources are used, with women nested in magisterial districts.

Findings

Demand-side results indicate that service sector specialization augments differentiation by increasing women's opportunities in both white-collar male- and female-dominated occupations. Contrary to expectations, urban residence does not influence women's, particularly African women's, placement in any male-type positions, although Whites (white-collar) and Coloureds (blue-collar) fare better. Supply side human capital models are supported in general with African women receiving higher returns from education relative to others, although theories of “maternal incompatibility” are partially disproved. Finally, among all racial groups, African women are least likely to be employed in any male-dominated occupations, highlighting their marginalization and sustained discrimination in the labour market.

Practical implications

An analysis of women's placement in white- and blue-collar male-dominated occupations by race provides practical information to design equitable work policies by gender and race.

Social implications

Sex-typing of occupations has deleterious consequences such as lower security, wage differentials, and fewer prospects for promotion, that in turn increase labour market rigidity, reduce economic efficiency, and bar women from reaching their full potential.

Originality/value

Very few empirical studies have examined occupational sex segregation (using detailed three-digit data) in developing countries, including South Africa. Methodologically, the paper uses multilevel techniques to correctly estimate ways in which context influences individual outcomes. Finally, it contributes to the literature on intersectionality by examining how gender and race sustain systems of inequality.

Details

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol. 34 no. 11/12
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0144-333X

Keywords

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