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From pilot reports, field measurements and numerical simulations, it is known that wake vortices may persist within the glide path in ground proximity, leading to an increased encounter risk. This paper aims to investigate wake vortex behaviour during final approach and landing to understand why landings can be safe nevertheless. Further, it is investigated whether and to which extent the installation of plate lines beyond the runway tails may further accelerate wake vortex decay and thus improve safety by reducing the number of wake vortex encounters.

A hybrid numerical simulation approach is used to investigate vortex evolution from roll-up until final decay during the landing manoeuvre. The simulations are complemented by field measurement data accomplished at Munich Airport and at Special Airport Oberpfaffenhofen.

During touchdown, the so-called end effects trigger pressure disturbances and helical vortex structures that appear to ensure vortex decay rates in ground proximity needed to guarantee the required safety targets of aviation. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurements indicate that vortex decay indeed can be accelerated by a plate line installed on the ground surface. The lifetime of the most safety relevant, long-lived and strongest vortices can be reduced by one-third.

The installation of plate lines beyond the runway tails may improve safety by reducing the number of wake vortex encounters and increase the efficiency of wake vortex advisory systems.

The novel numerical simulation technique and the acquired insights into the wake vortex phenomena occurring during landing as well as the demonstration of the functionality of the patented plate line provide high originality and value for both science and operational application.

The purpose of this paper is to solve the issue of via filling and pattern plating simultaneously by concentration optimization of accelerator and leveler in the electroplating bath.

This paper designs a series of experiments to verify the performance of pattern plating with the via filling plating formula. Then the compositions of electroplating solution are optimized to achieve via filling and pattern plating simultaneously. Finally, the mechanism of co-plating for via and line is discussed in brief.

To achieve excellent performance for via filling and pattern plating simultaneously, proportion of additives are comprehensively considered in optimization of electroplating process. Effects of additives on the via filling and pattern plating should be taken into consideration, especially in achieving flat lines.

This paper discusses the different effects of accelerator and leveler on the via filling and the pattern plating, respectively. The process of co-plating for the via and the line is presented. The superfilling of via and the flat line are simultaneously obtained with the optimized via filling formula.

Driven by the demand for higher density in electronic packaging, each signal plane of printed wiring board must accommodate more conductors. As a result, conductor width is becoming narrower each year. This chapter reviews some of the important steps of forming finer line conductors in printed wiring boards, such as surface preparation, plating/etching, photo‐exposure, automatic optical inspection, etc.

FAILURE of panels under static compression, or for that matter under any loads, involves a vast array of problems ranging from properties of material to initial instability and post‐buckling phenomena as occurring in various types of panels. It is not intended here to do justice to all these aspects of the subject but to select a single—but at the same time very important—topic, develop its analysis as fully as possible, and present the results in a readily applicable form. The structure investigated is the single skin stiffened panel under compression and the mode of failure considered, denoted by flexural cum torsional failure, involves predominantly flexure and torsion of the stringer with a wavelength of greater order of magnitude than stringer height and pitch. By torsional deformation of the stringer we understand a rotation of its undistorted cross‐section about a longitudinal axis R in the plane of the plate, the position of which will be selected later on (see FIG. 1b). The panel may, of course, also fail in a local mode of stringer and plate with a short wave‐length of the order of magnitude of stringer height and pitch, but the analysis of this case is not included here (see, however, Argyris and Dunne). Note that a local mode of deformation of a stringer formed by straight walls is commonly defined as a distortion of the cross‐section in which the longitudinal edges where two adjacent walls meet remain straight (see FIG. 1c).

To improve the operational efficiency and intelligence of live operation robots in dynamic-unstructured operation environments, this paper aims to propose a fuzzy logic-based method for the autonomous search and visual localization control of a manipulator end effector applied to a drainage plate bolt on a high-voltage transmission line. The proposed approach is based on a four-way video image information output from a dual-operation manipulator.

First, based on the structural characteristics of the drainage line, an autonomous search method for the drainage plate bolt and a mapping relationship between the autonomous search control parameters and the relative posture of the operation manipulator-drainage line are proposed. The posture control parameters of the dual manipulators can then be obtained, and a two-dimensional fuzzy controller is designed with the posture offset distance and the posture offset angle as its input signals. This enables the localization control of the bolt and nut alignment to be realized through a visual process.

The proposed fuzzy control algorithm is used for bolt location control, and its performance is compared with that of the conventional approach. The simulation results indicate that the fuzzy control algorithm greatly improves the localization accuracy and operational efficiency of live operation robots.

Field operation experiments on actual transmission lines verify that the fuzzy control-based visual localization control of the robot manipulator has great engineering practicality. Therefore, the proposed method further improves operational intelligence compared with conventional algorithms.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First and most importantly, the paper aims to explain how Pilkington is able to revolutionize the flat glass industry. The modified design envelope model is applied to demonstrate the technological competence and especially strategic thinking concerning to understanding of the markets and positioning the product. Second, the paper demonstrates the entrepreneurship within a large‐scale manufacturing firm.

The paper applies a longitudinal, historical, and contextual approach. The paper uses multiple case study method and multiple data sources. This is done because creation of an innovation does not take place in vacuum, it is context bound.

The float glass fulfills the requirements of two industries: the plate and sheet glasses. Within both industries, short‐sighted competitors concentrate on technologies applicable only in other industry. Pilkington positions the float glass first clearly in the plate glass industry and after further development introduces the technology to sheet glass industry as a total surprise. Based on the case, the paper argues that positioning should be part of the corporate strategy.

In addition to complex systematic technologies, the example shows that the design envelope model is applicable also for simple non‐assembled products like flat glass. The model is useful for companies to build scenarios for responses if new unexpected innovations will be introduced in its own or related industries.

This paper offers a novel insight to the old but still viable case of dominant design. In addition, the thorough case description allows reader to go deeply into a classic example of process innovation.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an interactive 2D–3D garment parametric pattern-making and linkage editing scheme that integrates clothing design, simulation and interaction to design 3D garments and 2D patterns. The proposed scheme has the potential to satisfy the individual needs of fashion industry, such as precise fit evaluation of the garment, interactive style editing with ease allowance and constrained contour lines in fashion design.

The authors first construct a parametric pattern-making model for flat pattern design corresponding to the body dimensions. Then, the designing 2D patterns are stitched on a virtual 3D mannequin by performing a virtual try-on. If the customer is unsatisfied after the virtual try-on, the adjustable parameters (appearance parameters and fit parameters) can be adjusted using the 2D–3D linkage editing with hierarchical constrained contour lines, and the fit evaluation tool interactively provides the feedback.

The authors observed that the usability and efficiency of the existing garment pattern-making method simplifies the garment pattern-making process. The authors utilize an interactive garment parametric flat pattern-making model to generate an individualized garment flat pattern that effectively adjust and realize the local editing of the garment pattern-making. The 2D–3D linkage editing is then employed, which alters the size and shape of garment pattern for a precise human model fit of the 3D garment using hierarchical constrained contour lines. Various instances have validated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which can increase the reusability of the existing garment styles and improve the efficiency of fashion design.

First, the authors do not consider the garment pattern-making design of sophisticated styles. Second, the authors do not directly consider complex garment shapes such as wrinkles, folds, multi-layer models and fabric physical properties.

The authors propose a pattern adjustment scheme that uses the 3D virtual try-on technology to avoid repetitions of reality-based fit tests and garment sample making in the designing process of clothing products. The proposed scheme provides interactive selections of garment patterns and sizes and renders modification tools for 3D garment designing and 2D garment pattern-making. The authors present the 2D–3D interactive linkage editing scheme for a custom-fit garment pattern based on the hierarchical constraint contour lines. The spatial relationship among the human body, pattern pieces and 3D garment model is adequately expressed, and the final design result of the garment pattern is obtained by constraint solving. Meanwhile, the tightness tension of different parts of the 3D garment is analyzed, and the fit and comfort of the garment are quantitatively evaluated.

THE potentialities of television in industry were referred to by this journal (March, 1954) when we reported on the Pye TV unit which had been installed in the National College of Rubber Technology, enabling shop floor demonstrations to be seen in detail by large numbers of students in the lecture theatre some way off.

This paper is concerned with the determination of the transient stress and deformational state of plate‐like discontinua subject to flexural cracking. Such a phenomenon can be easily visualized as the type of fragmentation to floating sea ice impacted by an ice‐breaker or offshore platform. The discrete element method is used to solve the dynamic equilibrium equations for each distinct deformable body and the interaction between bodies. Each body may deform elastically and fracture into further pieces if a brittle failure criterion for flexure is exceeded. The discrete plate element is a hybrid thin‐plate (Kirchhoff) mode lumped at element boundaries with transverse shear deformation computed at element centroids. Errors in computed stresses near point loads and cracks by the current element warrant the use of an improved mixed mode plate element. A three‐dimensional application of the discrete element method is presented for the case of fragmentation of floating sea ice impacting an arctic offshore platform. A semi‐implicit solution scheme is introduced to overcome the stringent explicit time step stability conditions due to stiff members in the discrete element formulation.

THE German Diehl Group has divisions producing: non‐ferrous metal products; clocks and watches; control systems; industrial machinery; ammunition; and track systems. It employs a total of more than 13,000 people.