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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of pick density, pile height and pile yarn count (both single- and double-ply yarn) on the colour fastness to crocking, colour fastness to washing, colour fastness to water of woven velour printed terry fabrics. These variables have also been optimized for developing high-quality fabrics.

Variables were selected on the basis of past research experience and samples were prepared according to the Box–Behnken design of experiments. The samples were tested for colour fastness to crocking, colour fastness to washing and colour fastness to water by following AATCC 8, AATCC 61, 2A and AATCC 107, respectively.

The colour fastness to crocking, washing and water of woven velour printed terry fabrics increases with the decrease in pile height and pick density. The colour fastness properties of the fabric increase with increase in fineness of the pile yarn count. Woven velour printed terry fabric with 16.25 picks per cm, 3.5 mm pile height and 16 Ne pile yarn will show best colour fastness. Woven velour printed terry fabric (plied pile yarn) with 16.25 picks per cm, 3.5 mm pile height and 2/24 Ne pile yarn will show best colour fastness

Proved a practical approach to control fastness properties of the fabric by changing fabric variables.

Colour fastness properties of woven velour printed terry fabrics have never been reported. The research work gives the better understanding to develop high quality of fabrics by reducing pile height and pick density. This will also reduce the cost of the fabric.

The purpose of this paper is to deduce the thickness property of three‐dimensional (3D) composite produced by 3D woven enhancing fabric based on an academic model.

Thickness of 3D composite is determined by the important weaving parameter – the length of binder yarn. According to the shape of pile formed by binder yarn, curve function of pile is supposed. A rapier loom is modified for the 3D woven enhancing fabrics, and the composite is produced based on the fabric. The thickness of composite is produced and the theories results are validated.

The result of the analysis shows that the curve of pile formed by binder yarn can be expressed as sin function approximately, and there is linear relation between the thickness of composite and the length of pile of binder yarn.

The results cannot be provided to study the relationship of thickness based on different technology of composite.

The paper provides an academic method of calculating the thickness of composite and the relationship between the thickness of composite and the length of binder yarn. The method can reduce the testing time.

This paper aims to summarize researches conducted related to functional textiles for prevention of pressure ulcers and critical analysis of the outcomes to pave path for the future research in this area for benefit of the patients. Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores, pressure sores and decubitus ulcers, are localized areas of tissue damage that develop due to pressure usually over a bony prominence. A standard hospital mattress has an interface pressure of 100 mmHg which can result in pressure ulcers unless repositioning occurs at regular intervals. Moisture accumulation on the skin is an important physical factor predisposing a patient to the occurrence of pressure ulcers and tissue breakdown. The disability leads to several requirements of functional clothing and textile products. The textiles play a variety of roles in this concern, from simply having good aesthetic appearance to preventing life threatening risks. An ideal support surface prevents pressure ulcers by providing pressure redistribution and maintaining a healthy skin microenvironment. The use of the textiles for the care of elderly disabled and bedridden persons can play an important role, as their quality of life can be improved by making use of functional and good-looking textiles.

This review paper aims to summarize researches conducted related to functional textiles for prevention of pressure ulcers and critical analysis of the outcomes to pave path for the future research in this area for benefit of the patients.

In the past years, there have been several functional textiles developed for the prevention of pressure ulcer. They are designed to maintain proper microclimate around patient skin. Sheepskin is one of the oldest used bed overlays which prevent pressure ulcer but its prolonged use leads to uneasy feeling for the patient. A sensor in bed for pressure detection is one of the good alternatives as it provides proper indication on when to change the position of the patient so that the pressure can be shifted and ulcers is prevented. These sensors are costly and complex to setup so for common man they are not easily available. Multilayer textiles on the other hand are complex to make as the properties are dependent upon the fiber content, yarn structure, fabric structure and technique of layering them together. Spacer fabric provides good air and moisture permeability, but there is a scope to study this type of fabric by varying the fibers type and thickness of the spacer fabric. A bedding material which is not much complex and can be easily purchased and used by common man for in-house usage is the need of the hour.

There is no comprehensive review available regarding research in this area with critical analysis of the outcomes for future study.

Cement fly ash gravel (CFG) pile composite foundation is an effective and economic foundation treatment approach, which is significant to build foundation, subgrade construction, and so forth. The purpose of this paper is to present a research on the temperature behaviours of high-latitude and low-altitude island permafrost under CFG pile composite foundation treatment.

In the process of CFG pile construction, the temperature of permafrost and pile body was monitored using the temperature sensors. The influence of subgrade height and atmospheric temperature cycle on permafrost temperature was analysed by finite element simulation.

In the process of CFG pile construction, the change curve of pile temperature and the temperature of permafrost beside pile following time can be divided into six stages, and the duration of these stages is at least one month. The temperature variation of permafrost while constructing subgrade in FEM has a good agreement with the results of field temperature monitoring. The height of subgrade not only affects the maximum temperature increase of permafrost and the re-frozen time of permafrost after the construction of CFG pile composite foundation, but also affects the temperature variation amplitude of permafrost during atmospheric temperature cycle.

The research will provide a reference for the design on the CFG pile composite foundation used for island permafrost and guarantee the stability of the structure; thus, it has an important significance.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the resistance to pile loop extraction of terry fabrics regarding the pile height and impact/finishing.

Fabrics are manufactured by changing the pile height and applying impact/finishing procedures. The resistance to pile loop extraction are determined. The factorial designs are made. For informative experiment the linear type of regression are analysed. Yarn pull-out behaviour in terry fabrics is discussed.

The dynamics of yarn pull-out process in terry fabrics is estimated through the force-pulling distance curves presented. The resistance to pile loop extraction is determined. All statistical analysis is performed. Appropriate conclusions about the influence of fabrics structure and impact/finishing on yarn pull-out process are made.

The study developed analysis and empiric mathematical equations suitable for evaluating and designing fabrics with the resistance to pile loop extraction ability required. Assessment of the influence of fabric's pile height and impact/finishing on the yarn pull-out is proposed.

The purpose of this paper is to examine several calibration techniques that have been developed to determine the discrete element method (DEM) parameters for slow and rapid unconfined flow of granular conical pile formation. This paper also aims to discuss some of the methods currently employed to scale particle properties to reduce computational resources and time to solve large DEM models.

DEM models have been calibrated against simple bench‐scale experimental results to examine the validity of selected parameters for the contact, material and mechanical models to simulate the dynamic and static behaviour of cohesionless polyethylene pellets. Methods to determine quantifiable single particle parameters such as static friction and the coefficient of restitution have been highlighted. Numerical and experimental granular pile formation has been investigated using different slumping and pouring techniques to examine the dependency of the type of flow mechanism on the DEM parameters.

The proposed methods can provide cost effective and simple techniques to determine suitable input parameters for DEM models. Rolling friction and particle shape representation has shown to have a significant influence on the bulk flow characteristics via a sensitivity analysis and needs to be accessed based on the environmental conditions.

This paper describes several effective known and novel methodologies to characterise granular materials that are needed to accurately model granular flow using the DEM to provide valuable quantitative data. For the DEM to be a viable predictive tool in industrial applications which often contain huge quantities of particles with random particle shapes and irregular properties, quick and validated techniques to “tune” DEM models are necessary.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of some structural characteristics of terry fabrics on the rate of sorption.

Fabrics are produced by changing the weft density and the pile height. An experimental stand for dynamic measurement of water sorption is created. The quantities of water absorbed by the fabric over time are determined. The sorption rates are calculated and discussed.

The dynamics of the sorption process are assessed through the sorption curves presented. The sorption rates for the main sorption stages, as well the average rate for weft and warp direction, are calculated. Results are statistically worked out applying ANOVA. Appropriate conclusions about the influence of the investigated parameters on sorption process are made.

The originality/value of this paper is: determination of the rates of water sorption for the particular time intervals and the average rates for the entire test period; and assessment of the infuence of the loop height and weft density on the sorption rates.

The circumstances in which carpet is specified will vary from new premises where advice may be sought from consultants, to the replacement of floor coverings in a small part of old‐premises where the objective could be to ‘get something as good as the carpet that lasted 25 years that has just worn out’. The specifier may be an expert in the field, or a jack‐of‐all‐trades dependent on the local carpet supplier for advice and help. This article is directed towards the facilities manager with no expert knowledge and aims to provide him with the right questions. Some he will then be able to answer for himself: others he will be qualified to pass on to a resident expert or to an outside consultant.

The purpose of this paper is to predict the pull-out force of loop pile of ramie/cotton terry woven fabrics treated with aroma-microcapsules as well as to understand and to interpret the pull-out behaviour developing the mathematical model.

The displacements and forces associated with pulling a yarn from different structures of fabrics were determined. Regression analysis and factorial designs were performed.

The yarn pull-out behaviour of terry fabric is highly dependent on the applied treating and demonstrated various extents of variability under the different pulling distances. The character of yarn pull-out is periodic and depends on fabric construction. The difference between the resistance to pile loop extraction for the grey and modified terry fabrics depends on the changed fabric’s structure. The existence of good relation between binder’s concentration and resistance to pile loop extraction of terry fabric was proved.

The study enables to forecast important loop feature for terry aroma-textiles: to be securely held in the place preventing loop pulling.

The assessment of the influence of fabric’s weft density and binder’s concentration for the yarn pull-out of terry aroma-textile was proposed. The research developed analysis and empiric mathematical equations suitable for predicting of displacements and forces related to pulling phenomenon as well as designing new multifunctional terry fabrics with resistance to pile loop extraction required. The received knowledge could enlarge the base of information needful for design of new products for clothing, home textile and healthcare/well-being applications as well.

Theoretical modeling on the performance of offshore circular foundation installed on clay and subjected to combined horizontal-vertical load in the Niger Delta has been attempted. Analytical methods of Skempton, Brinch Hanson, and Vesic were used to evaluate concentric vertical loads on offshore piles. Horizontal forces, H were evaluated for varying wave heights on circular piles of 1.0 to 2.0 m diameters using available meteorological and oceanographic offshore records. The results revealed that sliding failure commenced when the ratio of vertical load to footing area and undrained shear strength, V/As_u assumed negative values (i.e. at H > 0.082 As_u). The maximum mean vertical load is 6.107 As_u, and to guide against the occurrence of bearing capacity failure by sliding, V > 0.75H for cases where the ratio of footing depth to breadth ratio is lesser than one, (D/B < 1.0) and V > 0.70H when footing depth to breadth ratio is greater than one (D/B > 1.0).