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The chapter is devoted to considering the aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic influence on the global and Russian electronics industry. The work aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the electronic industry in the world and Russia from various angles. As a result of the study, the main features of the global electronic industry are highlighted, including leadership of Western European countries, Japan and the United States in the segment of high price electronics; the leadership of the new industrial countries in a lower price segment; active development of microelectronics as an electronics industry segment and its colossal role in the economy of modern countries; the trend towards acquisitions of small companies by large corporations and other industry. Key problems of the Russian electronics are identified, including a small fraction of the global electronics dependence of Russian industry on imported electronic components, a huge backlog of electronic industry of Russia in comparison of world leaders and the newly industrialized countries, technological backwardness of many enterprises of electronic industry, the low level of qualification as a whole industry. The novelty of the research is highlighting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the electronics industry. The study highlights both negative consequences (decline in production of many electronic enterprises, disruption of supply chains, insufficient financing of the industry) and positive aspects (active growth of the segment of household appliances and electronics), as well as an impetus to the development of new directions of world electronics (radio-photonics, optoelectronic and quantum technologies, artificial intelligence, laser technology).

DURING acceptance tests of aircraft, one of the basic data required is the rate of descent. The required information is a vertical component of the rate of descent just prior to touch‐down on a landing surface. These data are used as an aid in determining the impact imparted to the landing gear, as well as to other structures of the plane. Rate of descent information is also used during training of both military and commercial pilots. A pilot is interested in knowing immediately after touch‐down the rate of descent of his aircraft, so that he can associate his control settings and his psychological attitude with the data given him. The touch‐down rate of descent information is also important when hard landings aboard an aircraft carrier are considered. The deck of the carrier presents a second moving object with which to contend; therefore the rates of descent will be even more unpredictable and, in most cases, of higher values.

To describe the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technique and to discuss recent surveys by Environment Canada which have employed a novel scanning LIDAR system, the “RASCAL”, to study air pollution in British Columbia.

The RASCAL LIDAR system is based on a Nd:YAG laser which emits 0.5 J pulses of IR light at 1,064 nm and green light at 532 nm into the atmosphere at a rate of 20 Hz. The beam is steered by two 24‐inch mirrors and the backscattered signal is detected by a system based on high sensitivity avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes. The unit is mobile and housed in a small van.

Surveys with the mobile LIDAR identified and located sources of airborne particulate pollution at various locations in British Columbia. A series of high‐resolution elevation scans revealed the complex vertical structure of aerosol layers above the town of Golden. An outcome of this survey was the introduction of local laws banning wood‐burning stoves in new homes in the region. Further, Saharan sand was identified in the atmosphere in the region for the first time.

The surveys showed that mobile LIDAR can detect and characterise airborne particulate pollution and contribute to an understanding of its dispersion and motion in the atmosphere. It will also aid in assessing the associated risks to human health.

The purpose of this paper is to design a very low‐noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for a novel multi‐pixel CMOS photon detector which performs secondary electron (SE) detection in the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

The TIA, which is implemented with three‐stage push‐pull inverters, is optimised using a nomograph technique developed in MATLAB. SPICE simulations are conducted to verify the results generated from MATLAB. Important performance figures are obtained experimentally and these measurements are compared with simulation results.

A low‐noise TIA fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS technology was tested. Experimental results obtained show that the TIA connected to a photodiode with a junction capacitance of 0.8 pF can carry out its task effectively with a transimpedance gain of 126.9 dBΩ, a bandwidth of 9.8 MHz, an input‐referred noise of 2.50×10⁻¹³ A/√Hz and an SNR of 12.8. The power consumption of the TIA was 49.3 mW. These encouraging results have exhibited the potential of the circuit for use in the CMOS photon detector.

This paper presents a low‐noise transimpedance amplifier that is highly suitable to be used as a critical constituent block for the CMOS photon detector which aims to take over the role of photomultiplier tube in SE detection in the SEM. Solid‐state approaches have recently been reinvigorated for improving certain aspects of SE detection in scanning electron microscopy and this work has supported and contributed to the trend.

Modular ac to dc Sorensen power supply units have built‐in over voltage protection. They offer voltage regulation to within 0·05 per cent in six voltage levels to 100W and operate within a temperature range of 0° to 71°C. They are capable of automatic adjustable current limiting and remote sensing and programming.

2‐chloroethyl phosphonic acid (2‐Cl EPA) and Zn²⁺ show a synergistic effect in controlling corrosion of carbon steel in a neutral aqueous environment containing 60 ppm Cl^‐. The protective film consists of Fe²⁺–2–Cl EPA complex and Zn(OH)₂; it is found to be uv‐luminescent.

The 2120 frequency analyser is a constant percentage bandwith analyser for use in the frequency range 2Hz to 20kHz with provision for the connection of external filters extending the range to 180kHz. It consists of a measuring amplifier combined with a built‐in active RC filter complex which is continuously variable and can be switched into four basic modes. It can be used as a constant relative band‐width filter having four selectable bandwidths of 1 per cent, 3 per cent, 10 per cent and 1/3 Octave; as a tunable bandstop filter which will suppress any chosen frequency more than 60dB, suppression at 0·5fo and 2fo being less than 1dB; as a tunable high pass filter, or as a tunable low pass filter.

A spectrophotometer that has achieved new levels of precision and accuracy, and is expected to have a significant impact on spectrophotometry both as a model for improved instruments and through the improvement of standard calibration filters, has been designed and constructed at the National Bureau of Standards, Institute for Basic Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed review of radiation dosimetry techniques based on optical fibre dosimeters. It presents a comprehensive bibliography of the current research activities in the area.

A range of published work on optical fibre radiation dosimeters are presented, with the merits and limitations discussed. Each radiation dosimetry technique is discussed in turn, providing examples of dosimeters using such techniques reviewed. The main focus is on gamma radiation although other radiation dosimeters are considered.

This paper provides information on the wide range of research activity into radiation dosimeters. The dose ranges of these dosimeters are presented, along with the advantages and disadvantages of different dosimetry techniques.

A comprehensive review of published research in the area of solid radiation dosimetry is presented in this paper. It provides an individual with a review of the various techniques used and most recent research in that field.

This paper aims to provide details of the major optical gas sensing techniques and their applications.

Following an introduction, this paper first identifies the major gas sensing technologies and provides an overview of optical sensing techniques. The sources and impact of the gases most frequently sensed by optical methods are listed. Three non-absorption-based and nine absorption-based methods and their main applications are then described in detail. Brief concluding comments are drawn.

All manner of optical gas sensing techniques have been commercialised and while the majority are absorption-based, several other methods also play a significant role. Some optical gas sensors offer advanced capabilities such as remote monitoring, the creation of 2D and 3D distribution maps, detection of parts per trillion levels and even the visualisation of gases in real time. They play a vital role in protecting workers from hazardous gases, controlling and minimising air pollution and monitoring the atmospheric environment, as well as being used in the food, medical, process, power generation and other industries.

This paper provides a detailed insight into optical gas sensing techniques and their uses.