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The new Zeiss DMC 26 follows the tradition of the DMC 25 of using latest technology to ensure as exact measurements as possible and still offering a maximum of operating convenience. The DMC 26 is a computer‐controlled double‐beam reflectance photometer with the computer not only being used for data evaluation and presentation but also for controlling and checking the photometer functions. The high performance of the DMC 26 is based on the programmed interaction between photometer, computer and output units state the manufacturer. For example, the computer controls the stepping motor which sets the measuring wavelength at the double monochromator accurately to within 0.1 nm. The spectral working range for standardised colour measurement is 380 nm to 740 nm. In this range straylight always remains below 0.1%. A switch on the monochromator permits a band width of 10, 5 or 1 nm to be selected. The basic instrument is also capable of performing measurements beyond the limits of the above range without difficulty it is claimed.

Multilayer coating systems used for beam‐splitters, colour conversation filters, bandpass, and heat protection filters, and for cold‐light and laser mirrors, have to be produced to extremely tight tolerances.

Despite a relatively long tradition and outstanding progress in CCD technology during the last few years, computer vision applications have not become as significant as was expected. Because of lack of understanding and the complexity of applications themselves, the introduction of computer vision technology in production lines is still rare. Rarity raises prices and so we go round in circles. At present computer vision needs effective, simple and low‐cost applications, which will make it accessible to potential customers and show them all its possibilities and benefits. Industrial users need solutions instead of theory.

TWO interesting papers presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers Summer Meeting at Chicago last month dealt with the use of metallic tracers used for determining lubricating oil consumption.

To evaluate the photoelectrochemical characteristics of polymer doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO₂ for improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.

A method was set‐up to dope the nano‐CdSe with poly‐perylene‐tetracarboxylic imide (PPI) in the nano‐TiO₂/ITO films, which were characterised by X‐ray diffraction; electrochemical analytical system; multifunctional grating spectrometer; digital photometer and ultrasonic cleanout instrument, etc.

The modification of PPI doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO₂ showed significant elevation of the monochromatic incident photo‐to‐electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the photoelectrode, which was about 3 per cent. The doping caused a tone up separate efficiency of charge, restraining the complex of electron‐cavity by doped nano‐CdSe. Therefore, the photocurrent of the TiO₂ film doped with nano‐CdSe was about three times higher than that without.

The mixed film could also be formed from conjugated polymer mixed with polymer and inorganic particle, based on polymer doped with CdSe and CdSe/TiO₂. In addition, the monochromatic incident IPCE of the photoelectrode needs to be extensively studied.

The treatment method developed provided a practical and effective solution to increasing the ICPE.

The method for doping polymer with CdSe and CdSe/TiO₂ was novel and could probably be adapted for the manufacture of solar cell.

This paper aims to describe the techniques used in industrial optical chemical sensors and to consider future prospects.

This paper discusses the techniques and technologies used in today's optical chemical sensors. It highlights their limitations and considers briefly certain new technological developments.

This paper shows that techniques such as wet reagent‐aided photometry, UV absorption, spectroscopy and UV fluorescence satisfy a range of industrial chemical sensing applications and that optode technology is making limited commercial inroads. It identifies the need for inexpensive, wet reagent‐free chemical sensors and suggests that both solid‐state electrodes and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices may ultimately resolve this issue.

This paper provides a technical insight into the state of optical chemical sensing and illustrates that generic families of inexpensive chemical sensors are yet to be developed.

The purpose of this paper is to determine conformity of geometrical parameters between the elements embroidered with photoluminescent threads and their digital images as well as to explore the change in photoluminescent radiation.

Using some different methodologies and apparatus, analysis shape of embroidered elements conformity and photoluminescent luminance attenuation are analysed.

The provided methodologies allow assessing the quality of embroidered elements area and photoluminescent properties.

The proposed approach can be adjusted to investigate photoluminescent properties of embroidered elements of different filling types.

The purpose of this paper was to determine and compare nutritional composition of different parts of citrus fruits, namely, Citrus aurantium (peel: albedo, flavedo and pulp: juice, pomace) . This study was conducted through three stages of fruit maturity (green, yellow and orange). Total polyphenols, flavonoids, β-carotene, total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, acidity, total soluble solid and the minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Na, K, Fe, Mn Cu) were evaluated. Moreover, the relationship between the total polyphenol, flavonoids and the antioxidant activity was determined.

Total polyphenols were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Flavonoids were assessed by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. K and Na contents were determined by using a flame photometer. Other nutritional composition was determined by volumetric method.

The result showed that the concentrations of antioxidants, total polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, total chlorophyll, total acidity and antioxidant activity (DPPH%) decreased during the maturity of fruit while the value of pH and β-carotene increases. In addition, the concentrations of the most minerals decreased through the maturation of fruit except Na. Anova statistical analysis of all the studied chemical variables was shown significant differences between all the samples. The pH, total soluble solids, β-caroteniod: orange juice had the highest average while green juice had the lowest. Ascorbic acid, total acidity, total chlorophyll: green juice had the highest average while orange juice has the lowest. Total phenol, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn: green flavedo had the highest average while orange juice had the lowest. Flavonoid, antioxidant activity (DPPH%), Ca, Zn: green albedo had the highest average while orange juice had the lowest. Na: orange flavedo had the highest average while green juice had the lowest. The correlations between total polyphenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher (R = 0.935 and 0.960, respectively).

The stage of maturity affects nutritional composition in Citrus aurantium fruits (C. aurantium) peel and pulp, where some minerals of composition increased and others decreased, according to the results. This is the first study on comparing the nutritional composition of pulp: juice, pomace and peel: albedo, flavedo of Citrus aurantium L. during maturity in Syria, and it was also not found in previous works.

With the increasing tightening of quality control standards in all industries, it is only to be expected that those firms whose products depend on colour to a greater or lesser degree should become more and more interested in a non‐subjective method of describing shades of colour in such a way that the chances of disagreement are minimised or preferably eliminated altogether.