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A two‐compartmental open model to study metabolism/elimination that arise in clinical observation and pharmacokinetics, is presented. The purpose of this work is to show how it is possible to combine the two methods of Alienor and Adomian with observability identification and controllability principles to optimize drug doses.

Cliniciansa try to know how to detect patients at high risk of 5‐Fu (intravnous administration). The approach is to use a two‐compartmental open model to study its metabolism/elimination and assume that it has a nonlinear behaviour. The methodology chosen brings together two proven techniques to solve the arising differential system. A case study “5‐Fu pharmacokinetics” provides an illustrative application of the combined methods.

On the basis of the numerical results obtained in the case study it was found that a chart could be set up for individual dose adjustment according to individual parameters relating to dose and plasma concentration. The use of mathematical modeling in this field was shown to be justified.

This research is especially important in the pharmaceutical industry since it allows the prediction of drug behaviour in the body. In future work, we will consider the controllability of this problem.

Improved mathematical modelling would allow physicians to treat patients in an optimal way without compromising their comfort or safety. The practitioner would need only to follow a specified procedure.

The new procedure will be especially important to the pharmaceutical industry and this methodology, combined with statistical analysis, will help to improve drug benefits.

The Royal Society of Health has a unique function in providing a meeting place for professional people of many different disciplines: dental and allied professions, environmental planning and building, food and nutrition, health education, medical supplementary professions, mental health, nursing services and social services. Recently there was an unusual blending of disciplines when the Food and Nutrition Group met together with the Pharmaceutical Group for a lecture by Dr H.J. Rogers, Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Clinical Pharmacology, Guy's Hospital, London. Christine Lewis attended this lecture to be introduced to the world of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the language of pharmacy.

The purpose of the study is to highlights the conceptual and scientific knowledge regarding bioavailability of food bioactive components which is essential for the thorough understanding of their role in disease prevention and factors that limit their absorption.

Nutrikinetics is an extended version of pharmacokinetics that is used for studying the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of components through different techniques such as metabolic profiling, multi-level data analysis and population-based modeling.

There are different phases of nutrikinetics study of the bioactive components. The initial stage of nutrikinetics is starting from simplest in-vitro assay which is applicable in the early stage of functional foods development. Thereafter, the next stage of nutrikinetics studies are related to human intervention studies as designed by European Food Safety Authority. The aim of such studies are to develop dose-exposure and exposure response study of a bioactive component.

This paper will enlighten the concept of nutrikinetics, its requirement and the future perspectives of nutrikinetics study including long-term efficacy studies and multi-compartmental analysis of the different bioactive components.

Compartmental models allow us to visualise the behaviour of phenomena and simplify the formulation of some equations related to such systems. Mammillary systems are among the most interesting in pharmacokinetics. In the present study, a five compartment linear mammillary model is considered in which the central compartment 1 is connected reversibly to all other compartments, and elimination occurs from compartment 1. A reidentification of different distribution rate constants is made, with concentrations of drug in central compartment at different times of observation being known. In order to rninimise the difference between the set of given concentrations of drug and the calculated values of concentrations, an optimisation method is used which reduces the unknown parameters involved, to a single variable. Thus, the problem requires a global minimum of a function of single variable. The results obtained with present method are compared with those obtained by the generalised least squares method.

Mathematical models have been constructed to aid in the understanding of the pharmacokinetics of different drugs. Gives a mathematical analysis of the courses over time of absorption, distribution and elimination of a drug in a six‐compartment linear mammillary model. A mammillary model is a compartmental model in which a central compartment (the udder of a cow) is related to all other compartments, but there are no relations between the latter. This linear mammillary model can be used to study the kinetics of protein metabolism in the organism. An optimization method (ALIENOR) is used which reduces the unknown parameters involved to a single variable. Thus, the problem requires the global minimum of a function of a single variable. The results obtained with the method described are compared with those obtained with the generalized least‐squares method.

Depression and insomnia are very significant pathologies in cancer patients as they contribute to the patient's overall cure and quality of life. Moreover, untreated depression and ongoing insomnia are associated with decreased immune responses and lower survival rates. With all disease states and especially with cancer, close attention to drug-drug interactions and the potential impact on the efficacy of therapy is paramount. One area of particular interest due to the lack of well-done clinical trials is drug-drug interaction(s) between antidepressants and cancer treatment. Pharmacokinetics of a certain drug allows for prediction of certain drug interactions based on chemical properties of the agents involved. If the agents depend on their metabolites for activity, active drug level will be decreased through this enzyme inhibition. In this paper, we looked at the cytochrome-P450 drug interactions between antidepressants and sleep aids with Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM). Newer SERM metabolisms are less influenced by interactions with medications used to treat depression. However, tamoxifen metabolism could be severely altered by several antidepressants. This has direct consequences as patients on tamoxifen and antidepressant can have double the risk of relapse to cancer in two years. We discussed those interactions and made recommendations for clinical use.

This scientific article aims to evaluate the efficacy of the drug Doxorubicin for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Egypt. The study analyzes data from patients referred to a multi-disciplinary consultation at the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. The study includes 40 intermediate-stage HCC patients who underwent treatment with either Doxorubicin-Lipiodol or Doxorubicin-loaded drug-eluting beads-trans-arterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE).

Patients referred to a multi-disciplinary consultation at the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University with a possible diagnosis of HCC in the intermediate stage were eligible for the study.

The study finds that the plasma peak concentration of Doxorubicin is significantly higher in patients treated with Lipiodol compared to those treated with DEB-TACE. The median plasma peak concentration of patients treated with Lipiodol was significantly higher 424 (202.5–731) than the peak level of patients treated with beads 84.95 (26.6–156.5) with p-value = 0.036. However, there is no significant difference in other pharmacokinetic parameters between the two treatment groups. The research article also investigates the genetic polymorphisms in HCC patients treated with Doxorubicin-Lipiodol and Doxorubicin-loaded DEB-TACE. It identifies a significant association between the ABCB1 gene (C3435T) and the concentration of Doxorubicin in plasma. Patients with the CCand computed tomography (CT) genotypes of ABCB1 have higher concentrations of Doxorubicin compared to those with the TT genotype. Furthermore, the study examines the progression-free survival rates and tumour response in the two treatment groups. It demonstrates that DEB-TACE patients have a higher progression-free survival rate compared to cTACE patients. DEB-TACE also leads to better tumour regression.

The current study helps to increase the understanding of the genetic factors that may contribute to HCC susceptibility in the Egyptian population. However, it is essential to consider that genetic polymorphism is just one aspect of HCC risk, and other factors such as environment, lifestyle and viral infections also play crucial roles. Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors in HCC development among Egyptians.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the probability of the occurrence of an analgesic medication injury when controlling for potential risk factors, as well as gain a better understanding of which risk factors appear more problematic.

Cross‐sectional retrospective review of 2004 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service Medicaid Pharmacy claims data. Logistic regression analysis performed to examine the risk of injury‐related emergency room (ER) visits following the use of analgesics controlling for potential risk factors.

Methadone, an agent to treat severe pain, and propoxyphene, an agent to treat non‐severe pain, are problematic opioids in the elderly. White origin, male gender, and increased disease burden are potential risk factors influencing injury‐related ER visits for elderly analgesic recipients. Increased age in the elderly is a potential risk factor for severe pain analgesics; decreased age for non‐severe pain analgesics.

The study uses administrative data which, by its nature, makes conducting outcomes research on inappropriate medication use problematic. A number of confounders are present.

Appropriate drug therapy in an elderly patient is complicated by age‐related changes in pharmacokinetics as well as chronic disorders that affect drug response. Knowing of additional risk factors that may place the patient at greater odds of having an adverse outcome should improve prescribing practices.

The findings add to the literature by identifying problematic risk factors associated with injury among elderly recipients of analgesics.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the salivary fluoride retention as fluoride concentration, amount of soluble fluoride, half-life (t_1/2) and salivary flow rate of different amounts of toothpaste and rinsing procedures.

A randomized crossover study of 21 healthy volunteers was designed to compare pharmacokinetic parameters of 1 g (B1) and 0.3 g (B0.3) of toothpaste without rinsing and brushing with 1 g of toothpaste with expectoration followed by water rinsing (B1R). Unstimulated saliva was collected before brushing as a baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after the completion of the tooth brushing procedure.

The salivary fluoride concentration and amount of soluble fluoride of the B1 group were significantly higher than the B0.3 and B1R groups. The B1 and B1R groups prolonged the remineralizing level up to 60 min while the B0.3 group retained their remineralizing levels for 30 min. The initial t_1/2 (rapid phase) of B1 and B1R groups were significantly longer than the B0.3 group. The late t_1/2 (slow phase) of the B0.3 group was significantly longer than the B1 group. This is called the two-compartment open pharmacokinetics model. There was no statistical difference of salivary flow rates between all groups.

Non-rinsing and the amount of fluoride toothpaste play an important role in raising salivary fluoride levels and prolonging the remineralizing level of the oral cavity.

The purpose of this paper is to review the barriers in the dissemination of effective smoking cessation treatments and services globally. Offering tobacco users help to stop using tobacco is a key demand reduction measure outlined under Article 14 of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Implementing Article 14 can reap great dividends for the billion plus tobacco users around the world and their families, friends and societies.

A review of the status of the global implementation of Article 14 using available literature on smoking cessation products, services and national guidelines. Discussing innovative approaches being currently explored in South Asia that can lead to faster adoption and implementation of Article 14 globally.

Major gaps remain in cessation products’ availability and resource allocation for cessation services globally. Current licensed products are falling short on delivering and sustaining smoking cessation. Innovation in cessation products and services needs to build on learnings in nicotine pharmacokinetics, behavioural insights from consumer research and tap into 21st century tools such as mobile based apps. National implementation of FCTC’s Article 14 needs to follow guidelines that encourage integration into existing health programmes and health-care practitioners’ (HCPs) upskilling.

Smoking cessation is a desirable health outcome and nicotine replacement products are a means of achieving cessation through tobacco harm reduction. E-cigarettes are sophisticated nicotine replacement products. Innovation is urgently needed to fill the gaps in smoking cessation products and services, and for converting global policy into local practice. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), HCPs’ knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding tobacco use and cessation may hold the key to rapidly scaling up cessation support and delivery to achieve FCTC objectives sooner. Additionally, HCPs can play an important role in offering smoking cessation support in existing national health programmes for TB, cancer screening and maternal and child health. Also, widely prevalent smartphone devices may deliver smoking cessation through telemedicine in LMICs sooner, leapfrogging the hurdles of the existing health-care infrastructure.