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Institutional changes, in a historical context, through simultaneous evolutionary and metamorphic processes either deform or reform long-enduring institutions. The chapter delves into the Persian history from the early days of the reign of Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh-e Qājār in 1848 to the recent years and traces Persian institutions' historical transformations, which culminated to the Persian women entrepreneurship. Thus, the chapter first sets the historical context in each period and then sheds light on the pivotal issues of each period's women. The undergirding base of the discussions is the assumption of the change in institutions as natural metamorphosis in the animate. Finally, the discussions contribute to the conceptualization of the Institutional Triangulation and in the case of Persia, a cultural-driven triangulation, which has paved the way to the formation of a stupendously hegemonic patriarchal and masculine sociopolitical economy in Persia, that has historically affected women's institutionalization, subjugation, subordination, marginalization, socialization, emancipation, and most recently Islamization phases.

This paper aims to examine the impact of corporate logos on corporate image and reputation in creating competitive advantage in the context of Persia and Mexico as emerging markets. The paper provides an extensive links between corporate logo and its dimension and internal stakeholders’ attitudes towards advertisement, familiarity and recognisability as intermediaries to corporate image and reputation.

A qualitative exploratory approach was undertaken, comprising 12 face-to-face interviews and 14 skype in-depth interviews with graphic designers, design, communication and marketing consultant in Mexico and Persia based on attribution theory.

The study posits that the more favorable the name, colour, typeface and design of the company logo, the more favorable the attitude Mexican consumers have towards the corporate logo, corporate image and reputation. However, in comparison for Persia these factors have less effect on customers’ judgment and behaviour, towards the corporate logo, corporate image and reputation. The research findings suggest that the selection of colour in a corporate logo is related to its marketing objectives, cultural values, desired customer relationship levels with the organisation and organisation’s corporate communications.

Corporate logo has received little attention in marketing literature and rarely researched in the context of emerging market. This is the first research of its kind to find the effect of the compound logo in emerging markets of Persia and Mexico. Therefore, this research makes significant contribution towards the corporate visual identity literature by developing of the sphere of influence of the corporate logo and its antecedents and consequences (corporate image and corporate reputation).

This study employs Stein Rokkan's methodological approach to analyse state formation in the Greater Middle East. It develops a conceptual framework distinguishing colonial, populist and democratic pacts, suitable for analysis of state formation and nation-building through to the present period. The framework relies on historical institutionalism. The methodology, however, is Rokkan's. The initial conceptual analysis also specifies differences between European and the Middle Eastern state formation processes. It is followed by a brief and selective discussion of historical preconditions. Next, the method of plotting singular cases into conceptual-typological maps is applied to 20 cases in the Greater Middle East (including Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey). For reasons of space, the empirical analysis is limited to the colonial period (1870s to the end of World War 1). Three typologies are combined into one conceptual-typological map of this period. The vertical left-hand axis provides a composite typology that clarifies cultural-territorial preconditions. The horizontal axis specifies transformations of the region's agrarian class structures since the mid-19th century reforms. The right-hand vertical axis provides a four-layered typology of processes of external intervention. A final section presents selected comparative case reconstructions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time such a Rokkan-style conceptual-typological map has been constructed for a non-European region.

Iran has significant potential for an international tourism industry based on culture and heritage. However, the rich fusion of Persian and Islamic cultures that distinguishes Iran from the rest of the Middle East is not easily promoted for tourism internationally, mainly as a result of successive American and European attempts at forcing Iran's isolation since 1979. Given that Japan was a significant inbound and outbound market for Iranian tourism in the 1980s and is a close trading partner of the group of countries aligned against Iran at present, this chapter focuses on the recent development of the Iranian inbound tourism industry with the history and current status of the Japan–Iran tourism connection.

In this age of global terrorism, religious scandals, unbridled capitalism, corporate and accounting scandals, greed, wars, and selfishness, the one‐year adventure of a bull‐headed, uncompromising, honest, fearless, conscientious, hardworking, compassionate, and no‐nonsense American by the name of W. Morgan Shuster is a must read for those who are struggling with the questions of accounting, ethics, politics, and self‐interest. Shuster was a lawyer with expertise in governmental accounting and taxation who was commissioned and sent to Iran (known then as Persia) in 1911 to create a system of accounting control, audit, and responsibility accounting for the government of Iran. This is the condensed account of his adventures and what he accomplished in a span of less than eight months. This article is about Morgan Shuster but, more so, it is about the fundamentals of ethics and responsibility in business and governmental affairs. It provides an understanding of how accounting, accountability, and fiscal planning can be initiated from scratch. Shuster was a devout Christian and had decided that his conduct and his association with people should be reflective of the ideals of his faith as well as the ideals of his nation in pursuit of “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness” for all God's children. Concludes that, perhaps, the so‐called “real world” should reconcile with the conduct and attitude of Morgan Shuster if the human race is to survive.

The article's purpose is to address complementary perspectives for managing uncertainty by looking at a historical example.

This is done using a case study of the experience of ancient Greek mercenaries that fought in and out of Persia over two years and approximately 2,000 miles.

An unexpected finding is that the size of an organization can be instrumental to its environment fit.

An implication is that the application of existing models to the historical example suggests existing perspectives of change do not appear adequate individually in explaining or preparing organizations for change.

A wider implication of the study involves confirming the need for research and society to better understand the role of organization politics in outcomes.

The study uses a unique historical example to examine organizational responses to uncertainty that range between rational and haphazard explanations and it offers insights for management thought and practice today.

The purpose of this paper is to design and implement a team of kid size humanoid soccer robots conforming to RoboCup Humanoid league.

The project is described in two main parts: hardware and software. The hardware section consists of the mechanical structure and the driver circuit board enabling each robot to walk, fast walk, autonomously get up, kick and dribble when it catches the ball. The software is developed as a robot application which consists of motion controller, autonomous motion robot, self localization based on vision system, AI, trajectory planning and network.

This year, the authors' developments for the humanoid robot include: the design and construction of our new humanoid robots structure and implementation of a new recurrent hybrid neural network for walking control. The control system consists of two neural network controllers, two standard PD controllers and a robot walking planar. The proposed neural network controller has three layers, which are input, hidden, and output layers.

This paper presents results of research work in the field of autonomous robot‐middle size soccer robot, supported by IAU‐ Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan).

In this article, the authors seek to outline the overall educational development of Iran since 1855 — counterpointing their thesis with some basic facts of recent Iranian history. At a time when the British system is undergoing an advanced catharsis, the experience of a developing nation such as Iran is worth further thought. Too often we concern ourselves with the subtle trivia of our own advanced system. On reading this article, and allowing for the authors' personal views of the Iranian situation, one point stands out. In this situation, where are Enfield and school‐meal strikes now?

The paper's aim is to describe the world of retrocomputing, a constellation of largely non‐professional practices involving old computing technology. It seeks to show how retrocomputing serves the goals of collection and preservation, particularly in regards to historic software, and how retrocomputing practices challenge traditional notions of authenticity. It then seeks to propose an alternative conceptualization and suggest new avenues for collaboration between retrocomputing practitioners and memory institutions.

The paper is based on extensive observation of retrocomputing projects, conducted primarily online.

Retrocomputing includes many activities that can be seen as constituting collection and preservation. At the same time, it is often transformative, producing assemblages that “remix” fragments from the past with newer elements or joining together historic components that were never combined before. While such “remix” may seem to undermine preservation, it also allows for fragments of computing history to be reintegrated into a living, ongoing practice, contributing to preservation in a broader sense. The seemingly unorganized nature of retrocomputing assemblages also provides space for alternative “situated knowledges” and histories of computing, which can sometimes be quite sophisticated.

Retrocomputing challenges established notions of collection and preservation. A “situated knowledges” perspective provides a possible resolution.

Retrocomputing presents memory institutions (and libraries in particular) with an opportunity for new forms of collaboration in collection and preservation of software applications.

The paper puts at the center the ways in which retrocomputing challenges the established notions of collection and preservation. It offers alternative conceptualizations that suggest new forms of collaboration.