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Excellenzen meine sehr verehrten Damen und Herren liebe Kollegen Es ist mir eine besondere Freude und Ehre, erstmals einen AIEST Kongress in der Sozialistischen Republik der Tschechoslowakei zu eröffnen und dies in der prächtigen Stadt Prag, der Hauptstadt und dem kulturellen und politischen Mittelpunkt. Die Stadt ist durch ihr reiches Erbe an kulturellen Gütern besonders für unsern 34. Kongress geeignet. Auf den berechtigten Wunsch der Organisatoren des diesjährigen Kongresses hin haben wir das Thema “Tourismus und architektonisches Erbe — kulturelle, rechtliche, wirtschaftliche und marketing‐orientierte Aspekte” gewählt.

Les mutations importantes observées depuis une quinzaine d'années dans tous les domaines de la vie se reflètent dans le tourisme, ses services et ses produits. De nouvelles formes de vacances, de voyages et de loisirs émergent et prennent le pas sur les types les plus classiques. Face à cette montée de nouvelles conceptions, dont le tourisme alternatif est devenu le symbole le plus évident, se font entendre ceux qui estiment qu'il ne faut plus considérer le patrimoine de manière élitiste, qu'il existe de nouvelles formes de patrimoine à protéger, mettre en valeur et montrer aux touristes et aux populations.

No one acquainted with the facts that gave rise to the packing‐house scandals of the year 1906 believed that the belated promises of reform then made by certain American meat packers were to be relied upon. Many of these people were threatened with a serious loss of trade, and it was evidently their best policy at the time not too strongly to oppose legislation that was apparently devised to permanently better the conditions in the slaughtering establishments and packing‐houses.

Je crois devoir vous donner connaissance dès l'abord, de la façon dont un groupe d'experts fran‐çais a voulu traiter le rapport de base que je leur avais fait réserver.

In the summer of 1998 the National Health Service (NHS) Confederation in the UK used the opportunity provided by the celebrations marking the 50th anniversary of the NHS to engage in an exercise designed to stimulate thinking about the future of health services in Britain. A key part of this involved the creation of two possible future environments of the NHS. These became known as “the Madingley Scenarios”. In this article, the context of this work is briefly outlined before describing the main drivers that are shaping this environment (technology and information, new power structures, the changing relat ion ship with the living environment, and the effect of social and cultural change). The scenarios themselves are then outlined followed by some reflections on the value of this work in healthcare and beyond.

It can easily be said that one of the most popular issues of the 1970's would be the environment and the problems related to it. Ecology, i. e. the study of the relations of living organisms to their environment, involves increasingly scrutinized problems of environment with their manifold aspects, especially within the industralized country context.

From a tourism viewpoint, the division of the world into tourist‐generating and tourist‐receiving countries is not as sharp as one might imagine. Tourism is a give and take traffic, which presupposes an exchange of tourism arrivals between countries although to varying extents. Nevertheless, economic realities show that the industrial states with the highest standard of living (mostly Western) are the main tourist generators in the world. Statistics show that 75% of the world tourism traffic is generated by twelve Western countries only, which get at the same time about 84% of the international tourism movement. Developing countries in Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America get about 7%, if we leave room for countries in‐between like Japan, Australia and those of Eastern Europe.

Mon intention est de présenter le tourisme en tant que source du vécu. Je lierai les arguments psychologiques et sociologiques aux reflets de la réalité touristique, principalement en Pologne.

It is apparently becoming the fashion among certain types of self‐sufficient persons in this country to endeavour to bring discredit upon the scientific expert, and—whenever the practice can be indulged in with impunity—to snub and to insult him as far as possible. While this course of procedure is particularly to be observed when the expert is called upon to give evidence in a Court of Law, or to explain technical points before some highly inexpert body, it is not only in these circumstances that he is subjected to misrepresentation, discourtesy, and downright insult. Whenever a case occurs which appears to afford pabulum capable of being twisted into shape for the purpose, certain newspapers— generally, we are glad to say, of the lower class—are invariably ready to publish cheap sneers at science and scientific men, frequently accompanied by insulting suggestions. Other journals of a better class do not indulge in abuse and insulting suggestions, but confine themselves to lecturing the expert or experts with all that assurance which is characteristic of blatant ignorance. Accusations of incompetence and of culpable negligence are common in the gutter Press and in some so‐called Courts of Justice. Even suggestions of bad faith and of failure to honourably discharge duties undertaken are sometimes to be met with. It cannot be supposed that the reason for all this is to be found in the conduct of some very few persons who, in the eyes of all right‐thinking people, have brought discredit on themselves by appearing as “ advocate‐witnesses ” to defend the indefensible. At any rate, the conduct of such individuals affords no justification for tarring everybody with the same brush. The hostile, acidly‐cantankerous, and frequently grossly insolent attitude adopted by certain persons and in certain quarters towards those experts whose duties are of a public character and connected with legal or semi‐legal proceedings, is due to a reason which is not far to seek. It is due, in the first place, to the disgraceful ignorance in regard to scientific matters, even of the most elementary kind, which unhappily pervades all classes of the community;' and, secondly, to that form of jealousy peculiar to the small and mean mind which detests and kicks at anything and everything beyond its power of comprehension. When apparently contradictory evidence is given by scientific witnesses—appearing on opposite sides in a case—it is obviously far more easy and satisfactory to shriek about the “ differing of doctors ” than to admit that one's own miserable ignorance prevents one from seeing the points and from ascertaining whether there is any real contradiction or not. It is far more convenient to suggest that the public analyst, for instance, does not know what he is about, has made some absurd mistake, or has been guilty of scandalous negligence, than to admit that one does not understand his certificate owing to one's own defective education or inferior intellectual capacity.

The official supervision which may be exercised over the food supply of England and Wales, so far as its quality and wholesomeness is concerned, falls under the following heads:—