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Passivity and localized corrosion is discussed using iron, iron‐chromium, iron‐chromium‐nickel alloys and aluminium as examples. A brief description is given of the prevailing…
Abstract
Passivity and localized corrosion is discussed using iron, iron‐chromium, iron‐chromium‐nickel alloys and aluminium as examples. A brief description is given of the prevailing ideas regarding the nature of the passive film and the processes by which its protective properties are lost when breakdown of passivity and localized corrosion occurs.
Chengchang Niu, Shiqing Deng, Yu Yan, Leigang Wu, Ran Tao and Jun Chen
The purpose of this paper is to fill the knowledge gap in the microscopic origin of high corrosion resistance in the passivated 316 L stainless steel.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to fill the knowledge gap in the microscopic origin of high corrosion resistance in the passivated 316 L stainless steel.
Design/methodology/approach
Here, the pitting corrosion potential of the passivated 316 L stainless steel is measured, as well as the non-passivated one. Using the aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, the microstructure of the passive film is unambiguously revealed. Combining the electron energy loss spectroscopy with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the depth profiling analysis is conducted and the variations in composition from the very surface of the passive film to the internal steel are clarified.
Findings
By optimizing the passivation treatment process, the authors significantly increase the pitting corrosion potential of the passivated 316 L stainless steel by 300 mV, compared with the non-passivated one. The passive film features a unique amorphous multilayer structure. On the basis of the depth profiling analysis, the origin of the high corrosion resistance achieved is unraveled, in which the redistribution of elements in the multilayer passive film, especially the enrichment of Cr in the topmost layer and Ni at the film-metal interface, prevent the oxidization of the inner iron of the steel.
Originality/value
This study advances understanding of the nature of the passive film from a microscopic view, which can be helpful for the further improvement of the corrosion resistance performance.
Graphical Abstract
This study introduces a model for the multilayer structure of passive films that reveals the reconstitution of the passive films after the opportune passivation treatments. Due to the redistribution of elements caused by passivation, the enrichment of Cr in the outer layer and Ni near the film-metal interface leads to enhance corrosion resistance performance.
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Ming Liu, Jun Li, Danping Li and Lierui Zheng
At present, carbonated drinks such as cola are especially favored by the younger generation. But because of its acid, it often leads to tooth demineralization, resulting in “cola…
Abstract
Purpose
At present, carbonated drinks such as cola are especially favored by the younger generation. But because of its acid, it often leads to tooth demineralization, resulting in “cola tooth”. However, the influence of cola on the corrosion resistance of passive film of TiA10 alloy restorative materials is rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to analysis the corrosion resistance, composition of the passive film of TA10 alloy in different concentrations of Cola.
Design/methodology/approach
The passive behavior of TA10 alloy in artificial saliva (AS) and Cola was studied by means of potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, Mott-Schottky techniques and combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) surface analysis.
Findings
With the increase of cola content, the self-corrosion current density of the alloy increases sharply, and the corrosion resistance of the passive film is the best in AS, while Rp in cola is reduced to half of that in AS. The thickness of the passive film in AS, AS +cola and cola is about 9.5 nm, 7.5 nm and 6 nm, respectively. The passive film in cola has more defects and the carrier density is 1.55 times as high as that in AS. Cola can weaken the formation process of the protected oxide, promote the formation of high valence Ti-oxides and increase the content of Mo-oxides in the passive film.
Originality/value
These results have important guiding significance for the safe use of the alloy in the complex oral environments.
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Guo Yi, Junhua Xu and Chuanbo Zheng
There are obvious differences in corrosion resistance of different 2205 welding joints with different ratios of austenite and ferrite, from the top to the bottom, the austenite…
Abstract
Purpose
There are obvious differences in corrosion resistance of different 2205 welding joints with different ratios of austenite and ferrite, from the top to the bottom, the austenite content decreased gradually while the ferrite increased. In each region of welded joint, the pitting resistance number of ferrite is higher than that of austenite; pitting corrosion is more likely to occur in austenite phase first on the top region of the weld and in the secondary phase precipitates on the other regions of the weld. The fluctuation of the ratio of austenite and ferrite has a great influence on performance of passive film in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution.
Design/methodology/approach
To study the corrosion behavior of welded joint, the samples were obtained by laser hybrid welding. Pitting corrosion was studied in different area of welded joint. The Mott–Schottky curves of welded joints were measured to study the passive film on the different welded joint area.
Findings
Due to the difference of heat input and the limit of filler depth of the wire, the microstructure of duplex stainless steel laser welding joint has obvious difference in the thickness direction. In addition, there will be harmful secondary phase (such as chromium nitride and σphase) precipitates in the lower part of the joint. For the welded joint, the corrosion resistance decreases with the increase in the difference of the microstructure. Pitting corrosion usually takes the two phases as the nucleation point and grows up. The surface of 2205 duplex stainless steel laser hybrid welding joint cannot form a complete passive film in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution, and the more the ratios of austenite and ferrite deviate from equilibrium position (50:50), the worse the performance of passive film is.
Originality/value
In this paper, the authors attempt to establish the correlation between the semiconductor electronic properties of passive film and the difference of microstructures and the component in a joint welded by laser hybrid welding. The effect of passive film on the corrosion resistance of the weld was further investigated.
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Chuanbo Zheng, Jiayan Huang and Gua Yi
This paper aims to study the effect of current density of hydrogen charging on the semiconductor properties and pitting initiation of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) passivation…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to study the effect of current density of hydrogen charging on the semiconductor properties and pitting initiation of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) passivation film.
Design/methodology/approach
In this work, the 2205 DSS is pre-hydrogenated and passivated. Then, the passivation film is tested by electrochemical impedance method, Mott–Schottky curve method and dynamic potential scanning method. The influences of hydrogen on the properties of the passivation film and the corrosion behavior of the matrix were studied by analyzing the curves obtained in the electrochemical test. The surface of the passivation film after pre-hydrogenation and anodic polarization was observed by using the ultra-depth three-dimensional microscopy and the scanning electron microscope. The integrity, density and corrosion morphology of the passivation film were studied and discussed.
Findings
With the increase of the hydrogen current density, the growth of the passivation film is hindered, the concentrations of donor and acceptor in the film are increased, the conductivity of the passivation film increases. In the anodic polarization, the dimensional passive current density increases with the increase of the hydrogen current density, and the pitting potential is reversed, the more likely the sample is pitting. In general, hydrogen hinders the formation of the passive film on duplex stainless steel, which increases the concentration of point defects in the passive film. Finally, the passive film is easy to crack and pitting.
Originality/value
The performance of passive film is an important condition to influence the corrosion behavior of stainless steel. However, little research has been done on the effects of hydrogen on the electrochemistry and pitting sensitivity of 2205 DSS passivation films. The effect of hydrogen on semiconductor properties and pitting initiation of 2205 DSS passivation film is needed to be investigated.
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Corrosion is considered as one of the issues that threaten the safe operation of steam generator (SG) tubing. Some sulfur-related specie can cause corrosion degradation of SG…
Abstract
Purpose
Corrosion is considered as one of the issues that threaten the safe operation of steam generator (SG) tubing. Some sulfur-related specie can cause corrosion degradation of SG tubing. Sulfur-induced corrosion of SG alloys in high temperature and high-pressure water is one of the most complicated processes. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of reduced sulphur on passive film properties of steam generator (SG) tubing.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the effects of reduced sulfur on passive film properties of SG tubing were reviewed from the aspects of thermodynamic calculations and experimental.
Findings
Thermodynamic calculations are mainly presented by E-pH diagrams, volt equivalent diagrams and species distribution curves. The stability of sulphur species highly depends on temperature, solution pH, and electrochemical potential. Experimental data indicated that reduced sulfur species can interact with the passive film, which led to changes in film thickness, film structure, semiconductivity and pitting growth rate.
Originality/value
The state-of-the-art discussed in this paper gives basis for resolving engineering problems regarding with sulfur-induced corrosion.
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Hongda Deng, Yongliang Liu, Zhen He, Xiantao Gou, Yefan Sheng, Long Chen and Jianbing Ren
The purpose of this paper is to investigate and explain thermal oxide effect on electrochemical corrosion resistance anodized stainless steel (SS).
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate and explain thermal oxide effect on electrochemical corrosion resistance anodized stainless steel (SS).
Design/methodology/approach
Electrochemical corrosion resistance of thermal oxides produced on anodized 304 SS in air at 350°C, 550°C, 750°C and 950°C in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution have been investigated by dynamic potential polarization, EIS and double-loop dynamic polarization. Anodized 304 SS were obtained by anodization at the constant density of 1.4 mA.cm-2 in the solution containing 28.0 g.L-1H3PO4, 20.0 g.L-1C6H8O7, 200.0 g.L-1H2O2 at 70°C for 50 min. SEM and EDS had been also used to characterize the thermal oxides and passive oxide.
Findings
Interestingly, anodized 304SS with thermal oxide produced at 350°C displayed more electrochemical corrosion and pitting resistance than anodized 304 SS only with passive oxide, as related to the formation of oxide film with higher chromium to iron ratio. Whereas, anodized 304SS with thermal oxide formed at 950°C shows the worse electrochemical corrosion and pitting resistance among those formed at the high temperatures due to thermal oxide with least compact.
Originality/value
When thermally oxidized in the range of 350°C–950°C, electrochemical corrosion and pitting corrosion resistance of anodized 304 SS decrease with the increase of temperature due to less compactness, more defects of thermal oxide.
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High corrosion resistance in different concentrations of nitric acid is essential for structural steels to be used for the aqueous reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels with high…
Abstract
Purpose
High corrosion resistance in different concentrations of nitric acid is essential for structural steels to be used for the aqueous reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels with high plutonium content.
Design/methodology/approach
In the present study, the corrosion resistance of type 304L stainless steel (SS) with modified composition was evaluated in different concentrations of nitric acid using surface analytical techniques, weight loss method and electrochemical measurements.
Findings
Weight loss measurement in boiling 65 per cent nitric acid showed a low corrosion rate value of about 0.2 mm/y (8 mpy) after 240 h exposure. Electrochemical measurements revealed the shift in open circuit potentials as well as corrosion potential toward more noble direction, and the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies indicated the reduction in the thickness and stability of the passive film with increasing concentration from 6 to 11.5 M nitric acid.
Research limitations/implications
The low corrosion rate observed for this steel is attributed to the higher content of Cr (19 per cent), Ni (10 per cent) and Si (0.3 per cent) and controlled minor alloying elements (S, P, B, C, etc.) in the alloy that contributed to improving the transpassive corrosion resistance and minimizing the intergranular corrosion attack. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis revealed the composition of the passive films to be mainly of iron and chromium oxides.
Practical implications
Materials with lower corrosion rates are desirable for applications in nitric acid.
Social implications
The used of nitric acid creates a severe corrosive environment in chemical or aqueous nuclear reprocessing plants, and hence with a modified composition of type 304L SS resulting in minimizing failure of components are desirable for reducing cost and maintenance.
Originality/value
The present paper is an original work carried out by the authors on the corrosion resistance behaviors of composition modified AISI type 304L SS for nitric acid application. The effects of different nitric acid concentrations were compared to provide understanding on in applicability in boiling and high nitric acid concentrations.
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Adekunle Sulaimon Ogunbadejo, Sunday Aribo, Oluwatoyin Adenike Olaseinde, Oladeji O. Ige and Peter Olubambi
This paper aims to investigate the stability of passive oxide film formed on the surface of 316L stainless steel in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl in the presence of two environmentally non-toxic…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the stability of passive oxide film formed on the surface of 316L stainless steel in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl in the presence of two environmentally non-toxic inhibitors, i.e. leaf extracts of Musa spp. (MS) and Jatropha curcas (JC).
Design/methodology/approach
Current transients and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to explain the stability of the passive film on Current transients and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to explain the stability of the passive film on 316L stainless steel at both ambient temperature (25 °C) and 70 °C. For the potentiostatic tests, the coupons underwent cathodic stripping to remove the native oxide on their surfaces at −850 mV for 600 s, and a potential of 50 mV was imposed to observe the repassivation for 200 s. For the potentiodynamic tests, the pitting potential measured at 100 μA/cm2, corrosion potential and cathodic current density were obtained for analysis.
Findings
The current transients perfectly fitted into the exponential decay curve; i = is + ipeak exp(−t/τ), where the decay constant, τ measures the repassivating speed and extent to which the newly formed film heals and stabilizes. The current transients showed that MS and JC help in the repassivating process, especially at 300 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively, both at the lower temperature. The potentiodynamic curves mostly correlated with the current transients except for the hybrid inhibitor. The inhibitors increased the pitting potentials at concentrations that are correlated to their scanning electron micrograph images.
Research limitations/implications
Because they are cheap and environmentally friendly, plant extracts that are proven corrosion inhibitors could be used to aid the formation of passive film on passive alloys in not-so-aggressive environments.
Practical implications
Both MS and JC improve the film stability mostly at intermediate concentrations of 200 and 300 ppm, respectively, at ambient temperature and 70° C.
Social implications
Using leaf extracts of plants as green inhibitors is considered an environmentally friendly engineering solution.
Originality/value
The leaf extracts are a convenient resource of green inhibitors because their plants are readily available or could be easily naturalized, the processing technique to obtain the extracts is very cheap and the inhibitors are environmentally friendly. In addition, cathodic stripping exposes a relatively larger surface area than that obtained using the most common forms of depassivation; hence, the efficiency of the inhibitor in aiding the formation of the new oxide film to cover the bare surface would be better measured. There is very lean research data on the combined use of green inhibitors and cathodic stripping to study repassivating kinetics of passive alloys.
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Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to focus on an assessment of the electrochemical corrosion performance of bulk NC copper in a variety of corrosion environments.
Design/methodology/approach
The electrochemical corrosion behavior of bulk nanocrystalline (NC) copper prepared by inert gas condensation and in situ warm compress technique was studied by using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests in de-aerated 0.1 M NaOH solution.
Findings
NC copper exhibited a typical active-passive-transpassive behavior with the formation of duplex passive films, which was qualitatively similar to coarse-grain (CG) copper. Although a compact passive film formed on NC copper surface, the corrosion resistance of NC copper was lower in comparison with CG copper. The increase in corrosion rate for NC copper was mainly attributed to the high activity of surface atoms and intergranular atoms. These atoms led to an enhancement of passive ability and an increase of dissolution rate of passive film in oxygen-deficiency solution. For NC copper, the corrosion resistance decreased as grain size increased in NC range.
Originality/value
The difference in corrosion resistance between bulk NC copper and its CG counterpart is dependent upon the corrosion solution. In a previous work, the potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed that NC copper bulks (grain size 48, 68, 92 nm) had identical corrosion resistance to CG copper bulk in naturally aerated 0.1 M NaOH solution. The results might be related to the dissolved oxygen in the medium.
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