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The need to design buildings with due consideration for bioclimatic and passive design is central to promoting sustainability in the built environment from an energy perspective. Indeed, the energy and atmosphere considerations in building design, construction and operation have received the highest consideration in green building frameworks such as LEED and BREEAM to promote SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities and contributing directly to support SDG 13: Climate Action. The research literature is rich of findings on the efficacy of passive measures in different climate contexts, but given that these measures are highly dependent on the prevailing weather conditions, which is constantly in evolution, disturbed by the climate change phenomenon, there is pressing need to be able to accurately predict such changes in the short (to the minute) and medium (to the hour and day) terms, where AI algorithms can be effectively applied. The dynamics of the weather patterns over seasons, but more crucially over a given season means that optimum response of building envelope elements, specifically through the passive elements, can be reaped if these passive measures can be adapted according to the ambient weather conditions. The use of representative mechatronics systems to intelligently control certain passive measures is presented, together with the potential use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to capture the complex building physics involved to predict the expected effect of weather conditions on the indoor environmental conditions.

Ongoing research in computational design synthesis of passive dynamic systems aims to automatically generate robotic configurations based on a given task. However, an automated design-to-fabrication process also requires a flexible fabrication method. This paper aims to explore designing and fabricating passive dynamic walking robots and all necessary components using single-material fused deposition modeling (FDM). Being able to fabricate all components of a robot using FDM is a step toward the goal of automated design and fabrication of passive dynamic robots.

Two different configurations of passive dynamic walking robots are re-designed to be fabricated using FDM. Different robotic joint assemblies are designed and tested. To arrive at feasible solutions, a modular design approach is chosen and adjustability of components after printing is integrated in the design.

The suitability of FDM for printing passive dynamic robots is shown to depend heavily on the sensitivity of the configuration. For one robot configuration, all components are printed in one job and only little assembly is needed after printing. For the second robot configuration, which has a more sensitive gait, a metal bearing is found to increase the performance substantially.

Printable, monolithic mechatronic systems require multi-material printing, including electronics. In contrast, passive dynamic systems not only have the potential to save energy and component cost compared to actuated systems but can also be fabricated using single-material FDM as demonstrated in this paper.

This paper aims to understand the effect of different foundation designs of passive house on the resultant thermal bridges, at the junction between a wall and a slab on grade.

The linear thermal transmittances of some newly developed foundations of passive house are determined. The investigated foundation designs are L-element, U-element and foundation with foam glass technique.

It is found that the special design of passive house foundation can considerably influence the heat flow through thermal bridges. In this context, it is proposed a new foundation design of passive house, which has relatively low heat loss through thermal bridges. The results are compared with the “default” ISO values used to evaluate the effect of thermal bridges in typical buildings. It is found that there is large difference between the calculated linear thermal transmittances at the investigated foundations of passive house as compared to typical buildings.

The results can hopefully be used to improve the energy efficiency of the passive house.

Sustainable solution of buildings.

A new foundation design of passive house is suggested to reduce heat loss through thermal bridges.

Implementation of the concept of passive solar heating design in dwellings has the potential to reduce energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions at little or no cost to the developer but with real benefit to the occupier. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible benefits to be gained by the application of passive solar heating concepts to the orientation and fenestration of domestic buildings.

The approach used has been to select a simple domestic building designed to current building regulations and apply to it modifications which embody the principles of passive solar heating design. The anticipated performance of the modified building has then been compared with that of its counterpart of conventional configuration by application of a number of currently available simulation models. This study forms part of the Department of Trade and Industry sponsored Knowledge Transfer Partnership between Coventry University and Kenneth Holmes Associates, Chartered Architects.

It is predicted that by careful selection of orientation of a domestic building and modification of its layout, in order that glazing is strategically located, it is possible to effect significant improvements in energy consumption. There is some variation in the output of the alternative techniques but they present a common overall result.

The solutions are purely predictive and it would be of great value if the outcomes could be evaluated by medium term measurement of the performance of dwellings constructed to the proposed design principles.

The concept under analysis could, at little or no cost, result in reduced energy demand in domestic buildings. In the current environmental climate, even modest improvements should be of considerable interest to designers and developers.

Draws upon alternative approaches to passive solar heating design in dwellings and reaches conclusions based on the application of these different approaches to a real live case study.

Several calls have been everywhere asking for proper use of passive design tools like shading devices, insulation, natural ventilation and solar panels in building architecture of hot-dry area in order to improve the thermal performance of indoor spaces. This paper examines the effect of these passive tools on indoor thermal performance which in turn helps arrange thermal priorities properly. Herein, basic principles of Successive Integration Method (SIM) have been utilized for an integrated design of two floors with small openings integrated with floor cooling, solar panels, natural ventilation, shading devices, and insulation. As a result, create priorities of passive tools that are structured consequently for ventilation, insulation, solar panels, and shading devices. This structure could guide designers and builders to set their priorities for the new development of building construction.

This chapter describes the approach to sustainable rail passenger rolling stock in terms of interior passive safety requirements within the European market. It is intended to give the background and logistical approach for the future introduction of a standard as an aid for the design and validation of the interiors of passenger rail vehicles. Also discussed is the acceptance of the proposed European-based standard into the regulatory system of the technical specifications for interoperability. Methodologies for design assessment and validation will be discussed. This chapter is intended to encourage an acceptance of the standard for interior passive safety as a realistic and cost-effective method of improving rail vehicle safety in terms of the passenger interfaces with the rail stock interior.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate passive techniques used in traditional and indigenous architecture in order to decrease energy use in the buildings and to increase thermal and users’ comfort. The city of Erbil is explored where in the rapid transformation and import of Western architectural styles and materials have resulted in ignorance of climate-responsive tradition existing in the city since thousands of years.

In order to propose a design strategy for modern residential buildings in Erbil city, a descriptive and interpretative approach is used as a methodology of this study. A literature review is done to explore the traditional use of passive techniques, and Waziran district of the city is analyzed and used as a pilot site in this study.

Due to the shortage of electric power in the city, residential buildings have limited access to electric power. Therefore, thermal comfort and reduction of the energy use in residential buildings have become vital for Erbil. The use of passive techniques in architectural design will help to reduce energy dependency.

This study is limited to residential function in Erbil. Waziran district is used for the design proposals where dwellings are in a row context. The proposals are made on a geometrical basis and plan organization; however, the selection of construction materials is not included.

There is a proposal to reduce the use of electricity, which currently has limited access in Erbil city.

Passive design strategies contribute to improving indoor comfort conditions and reducing buildings' energy consumption. For several years, courtyards have received wide attention from researchers because of their significant role in reducing energy demand. However, the abundance of multi-story buildings and the courtyards' incompatibility with them, the courtyard is currently limited. Therefore, it is necessary to search for alternatives. This paper aims to bridge the gaps in previous limited studies considering skycourt as a passive alternative on the vertical plane of the facades in contrast to the courtyard.

This research presents an overview and a bibliometric analysis of the evolution of the courtyard to the skycourt via VOSviewer software and the bibliometrix R package.

The research provided various concepts related to skycourt as a promising passive design strategy, which can be suitable for multi-story buildings, starting with its evolution, characteristics, configurations, benefits, and challenges.

The findings can urge designers, researchers and policymakers to incorporate such an important passive alternative.

Researchers, instructors, educational specialists, faculty members, and decision-makers can provide design motivation for skycourt in buildings, in addition to achieving awareness about skycourt and its significant benefits and its role as an important passive design strategy.

The research highlights the possibilities of the skycourt and its role as a passive design element as an extension of the courtyard in addition to identifying design indicators that help designers determine the appropriate designs.

The trend in facilities management towards outsourcing is in conflict with the current trend towards holistic low energy building design. Designers are busily “designing out” building services, in favour of new passive/low energy technologies which are integrated into the building envelope. A lack of understanding of each other’s discipline allows designers to produce “passively” controlled buildings which are difficult for facilities managers to manage. Examines the nature of the conflict between holistic “passive” building design and facilities management. Includes a case study based on ten recently constructed passive/mixed‐mode buildings. The case study appraises each building with respect to facilities management, and identifies specific problem areas that could be improved and which are in need of further investigation.

This study aims to focus on the passive components of System in Package SiP modules and discusses the geometric pad designs for 01005-sized passive components, the front end design of the hole size and shape of the stencil and the parameters of the stencil sidewall coating, to determine the optimum parameter combination.

This study plans and conducts experiments, where a L8(27) inner orthogonal array is built to consider the control factors, including a L4(23) outer orthogonal array to consider the noise factor, and the experimental data are analyzed by using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution multi-quality analysis method.

The results show that the optimum design parameter level combination is that the solder mask opening pad has no solder mask in the lower part of the component, the pad width is 1.1 times that of the component width, the pad length is 1.75 times that of the electrode tip length, the pad spacing is 5 mil, the stencil open area is 90% of the pad area, the stencil opening corner has a 3 mil chamfer angle, and the stencil sidewall is free of nano-coating.

The parameter design and multi-quality analysis method, as proposed in this study, can effectively develop the layout of passive components on a high-density SiP module substrate, to stabilize the process and increase the production yield.